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Publications

Showing 21441 – 21460 of 30345 publications

Assessing sea level-rise risks to coastal floodplains in the Kakadu Region, northern Australia, using a tidally driven hydrodynamic model

Kakadu National Park — 2016 — WHE76A15DACB1

By 2132, every freshwater floodplain in Kakadu National Park will be exposed to saltwater inundation due to sea-level rise (SLR), according to a new tidally driven hydrodynamic model. The study predicts minimal loss of freshwater habitats by 2030 (–3%), but a dramatic threshold effect by 2070, with 42% of floodplains lost, worsening further by 2100 (–65%). While inland areas may serve as temporary refuges, no part of Kakadu will be spared by the end of the century. The model, using high-resolution LiDAR data and tidal simulations, provides critical insights for managing SLR impacts on this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Assessing the effects of timing irregularities on radio pulsars anomalous braking indices

Jodrell Bank Observatory — 2016 — WHE524AE55BD8

A study of 366 radio pulsars at Jodrell Bank Observatory reveals that anomalous braking indices—deviations from expected spin-down behavior—are largely artifacts caused by timing irregularities, either intrinsic or extrinsic to the pulsar system. For a subsample of 223 pulsars exhibiting consistent timing noise over decades, strong correlations (|r| ∼ 0.80–0.90) were found between the second derivative of observed frequency and timing activity parameters, suggesting these irregularities originate from intrinsic neutron star processes. Conversely, no significant correlations (r < 0.3) were detected in the remaining 143 pulsars, where white noise fluctuations dominate, implying external sources. This distinction supports the hypothesis that timing noise in isolated pulsars stems from internal spin-down mechanisms, while white noise arises externally.

Assessing Wildfire Risk in Cultural Heritage Properties Using High Spatial and Temporal Resolution Satellite Imagery and Spatially Explicit Fire Simulations: The Case of Holy Mount Athos, Greece

Mount Athos — 2016 — WHE79ADABAACF

Nine out of the 20 monasteries on Holy Mount Athos, Greeceface high fire intensity risks if ignited, despite low burn probabilities. This finding emerges from a study that combined high-resolution satellite imagery with spatially explicit fire simulations to assess wildfire risk at landscape level. Researchers developed site-specific fuel models using field measurements and classified fuel types through object-based analysis and machine learning. The Minimum Travel Time (MTT) algorithm in FlamMap software evaluated metrics like Burn Probability, Conditional Flame Length, Fire Size, and Source-Sink Ratio. Results highlight the need for targeted fire suppression strategies to protect these cultural heritage properties from intense wildfires.

Assessment of Different Remote Sensing Data for Forest Structural Attributes Estimation in the Hyrcanian forests

Hyrcanian Forests — 2016 — WHE01108C5A5F

High-resolution satellite imagery, such as Quickbird data, significantly outperforms medium-resolution options (e.g., ASTER and Landsat-TM) for estimating forest structural attributes like stand volume, basal area, and tree stem density in the Hyrcanian broadleaf forests of northern Iran. Despite its higher cost, Quickbird provided more accurate models with lower RMSE and bias compared to ASTER and TM data, which yielded slightly similar but less precise results. The study employed a random cluster sampling method across 112 plots (0.09 ha each) and used the CART algorithm for statistical modeling, highlighting the potential of high-resolution remote sensing in forest management without compromising cost-free medium-resolution alternatives like ASTER or TM imagery.

Assessment of measured and perceived microclimates within a tropical urban forest

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2016 — WHECC658C0268

A study of the Singapore Botanic Gardens reveals that urban greenery significantly affects both measured and perceived microclimates, with variations in land cover influencing thermal comfort. While humidity was universally deemed uncomfortable, most visitors reported feeling comfortable overall. The research used objective measurements—such as air temperature, vapor pressure, wind velocity, and globe temperatures—to derive thermal comfort indices (e.g., THI, PET, WBGT) across four distinct sites over two monsoonal seasons. Concurrent surveys of 1573 park users highlighted perceived discomfort due to heat, humidity, and low wind, with stronger correlations observed among more acclimated respondents. The findings underscore the importance of vegetation canopy characteristics in mitigating outdoor thermal stress in tropical urban forests.

Assessment of net community production and calcification of a coral reef using a boundary layer approach

Site of Palmyra — 2016 — WHEECB6371552

A novel, fully autonomous system (BEAMS) reveals that net community production (NCP) and calcification (NCC) in coral reefs are tightly coupled over minutes to days, with light being the primary driver of daily metabolic rates. The study, conducted at Palmyra Atoll's western reef terrace, demonstrates BEAMS' potential as a tool for monitoring reef health under natural conditions without disturbance. Unlike expectations, CO2 levels did not significantly affect NCC, suggesting resilience in these metrics despite environmental variability.

Assessment of soil and plant cover contamination by heavy metals of the Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands — 2016 — WHEAECD372577

A study of the Bolshoi Solovetsky Island reveals significant heavy metal contamination in both soil and plant cover, with notable accumulation of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), and vanadium (V). While most soil samples showed acceptable levels, two areas were classified as extremely hazardous. Plant cover exhibited strong contamination across multiple metals, indicating severe environmental impact. The research, part of an educational project analyzing the Solovetsky Archipelago's unique heritage, used comprehensive sampling to assess heavy metal concentrations in surface soils and vegetation.

Assessment of the smap brightness temperature downscaling algorithm using active-passive observations over a tropical forest in Mexico

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche — 2016 — WHEBF0771D627

A downscaling algorithm for satellite soil moisture data was successfully implemented over the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, demonstrating its potential to bridge the gap between high-resolution radar and lower-resolution radiometer observations. The study found that combining active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave sensors from the SMAP satellite allowed for more sensitive and spatially detailed soil moisture estimations—critical for monitoring inaccessible tropical forests like those in Calakmul, Mexico. This approach enhances wide-area soil moisture mapping, which is essential for food sustainability and risk mitigation. The algorithm produced medium-resolution images (9 km/pixel), leveraging the strengths of both sensor types to improve accuracy and coverage.

Association of Soil Aggregation with the Distribution and Quality of Organic Carbon in Soil along an Elevation Gradient on Wuyi Mountain in China

Mount Wuyi — 2016 — WHEB186AAFE67

Soil aggregation, not temperature or moisture, is the critical factor influencing carbon sequestration on Mount Wuyi. Researchers found that soil aggregation rate increased with elevation and strongly correlated with organic carbon (OC) content in bulk soil. While OC was predominantly stored in macroaggregates, particularly the coarse particulate organic matter fraction (250-2000 μm), these aggregates are highly unstable and may release SOC under warmer conditions. The study highlights the importance of soil structure in carbon storage but underscores the need for further research to assess its stability under climate change scenarios.

At Stonehall Farm, Late Neolithic Life is Rubbish

Heart of Neolithic Orkney — 2016 — WHE0EF68A68B9

Archaeological excavations at Stonehall Farm, part of the UNESCO-listed Heart of Neolithic Orkney, reveal that Late Neolithic life was characterized by substantial waste accumulation. The study identified a significant deposit of domestic rubbish, including pottery sherds, animal bones, and other artifacts, suggesting a dynamic and rapidly evolving settlement during this period. Researchers employed multi-disciplinary methods, such as stratigraphic analysis, artifact examination, and radiocarbon dating, to reconstruct daily activities and social structures. This finding challenges traditional narratives of Neolithic Orkney, highlighting the importance of waste management in understanding ancient societies.

At-sea sightings of banded Tristan Albatrosses off the Western Cape and a review of records in southern African waters

Gough and Inaccessible Islands — 2016 — WHE3DAB2BB120

A rare glimpse into the at-sea behavior of the Critically Endangered Tristan Albatross (Diomedea dabbenena) reveals new insights about its movements and threats off southern Africa. The study, which analyzed banded individuals sighted near the Western Cape, provides critical data on this species' distribution outside its breeding grounds in Gough and Inaccessible Islands. It highlights the vulnerability of Tristan Albatrosses to fisheries bycatch—a major at-sea threat—while also underscoring the compounded pressures from invasive house mice on their breeding islands. By synthesizing historical records with recent observations, the research offers a broader understanding of this species' conservation challenges, emphasizing the need for targeted protection measures both at sea and on land.

Atlantic humpback dolphins Sousa teuszii in the Saloum Delta (Senegal): distribution, relative abundance and photo-identification

Saloum Delta — 2016 — WHE5BA8F1DA49

A groundbreaking survey of Atlantic humpback dolphins (Sousa teuszii) in the Saloum Delta, Senegal, reveals the highest recorded population size for this species, estimating at least 103 individuals. Conducted over 1,617.5 km of boat-based coverage in 2015, the study documented 30 sightings, with dolphins predominantly found within 2.082 km of shore, often traveling between the Saloum and Diomboss rivers and crossing into Gambia. The relative abundance was notably higher in the Diomboss, reaching 0.331 individuals per kilometer. Photo-identification confirmed movement patterns and social dynamics, with groups averaging 9.3 animals and at least three neonate calves observed. Behavioral observations suggested a combined travel-forage strategy, with dolphins captured on camera feeding on mullet (Mugil sp.). These findings provide critical insights for the conservation and management of this endangered species within its range.

Authenticity and Restoration: The Benefits of Historical Studies on Re-Examining the Implemented Restorations in Persepolis

Persepolis — 2016 — WHE068CAD1FAE

A re-examination of restoration efforts at Persepolis, particularly the Gate of All Nations, reveals that historical authenticity was compromised to align with the 1971 celebration of the Persian Empire's 2500th anniversary. The study highlights how contextual analysis of historical documents can challenge accepted restoration practices and offers a new perspective on the arrangement of stone capitals in ancient columns. While long-term restoration efforts by the Italian Institute for Middle and Far East (IsMEO) are generally praised, this research demonstrates the need to critically assess the reliability and influence of historical evidence on preservation methods.

Authenticity as a sustainable value of holistic conservation: The case of Turkey’s world heritage sites

City of Safranbolu — 2016 — WHE8D8FB24109

Authenticity, traditionally viewed as a quality tied to physical characteristics, is now recognized as a multifaceted value essential for the holistic conservation of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This study redefines authenticity by integrating both tangible and intangible features, emphasizing its role in sustaining the originality and integrity of cultural heritage. By analyzing Turkey's Archeological Site of Troy and City of Safranbolu, it demonstrates how a clear definition of authenticity—guided by the Nara Document on Authenticity—can enhance conservation accuracy. The research compares these sites' specific conditions, highlighting the significance of understanding decision-makers' perspectives and current environmental factors to minimize subjectivity in authenticity assessments.

Avian response to fire in pine–oak forests of Great Smoky Mountains National Park following decades of fire suppression

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2016 — WHE7DDFDC46F1

Decades of fire suppression in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park have significantly altered bird communities, particularly those adapted to xeric pine-oak forests that rely on frequent fires. Research indicates that while management changes have increased fire presence over the past 20 years, no single fire regime benefits all species. The study found that 13 bird species thrived in burned areas, 2 declined, and 9 showed no significant difference, with fire severity and time since burn influencing their occurrence patterns. To support peak occupancy for the entire avian community, at least three distinct fire regimes—frequent low-severity, infrequent low-severity, and infrequently applied high-severity fires—are necessary. The research combined avian point counts and remote sensing data to model species occurrence over up to 28 years post-fire.

B. Bangladesh

The Sundarbans — 2016 — WHE05808A6186

A reactive monitoring mission by UNESCO and IUCN identified the Maitree Super Thermal Power Plant, proposed near the Sundarbans, as a significant threat to the world's largest unbroken mangrove system. The study highlighted four key concerns: air pollution from coal ash, wastewater and waste ash pollution, increased shipping and dredging activities, and cumulative impacts of industrial development infrastructure. The mission recommended cancelling and relocating the power plant project due to its potential adverse effects on the Sundarbans's outstanding universal value.

Babylon Under Western Eyes

Babylon — 2016 — WHE95C30883ED

For over two millennia, Babylon has captivated Western culture as a symbol of power, luxury, and exotic grandeur. This study dissects the mythic legacy of ancient Babylon, revealing its enduring influence on Western perceptions. By analyzing historical narratives, artistic representations, and literary references, it demonstrates how Babylon has been romanticized and reinterpreted across different eras. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating archaeology, art history, and cultural studies to trace the evolution of Babylon’s image in Western imagination. This work underscores the city's significance as both a historical marvel and a powerful metaphor, shaping cultural discourse from antiquity to modernity.

Bacterial community composition in the water column of the deepest freshwater Lake Baikal as determined by next-generation sequencing

Lake Baikal — 2016 — WHE748734BA56

A study of Lake Baikal, the deepest freshwater lake, reveals that bacterial communities in its water column exhibit remarkable stability at depth but vary seasonally near the surface. Using next-generation sequencing to analyze 34,562 bacterial reads across depths down to 1515 meters, researchers identified 1693 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to seven phyla, including Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. The highest diversity and richness of bacterial communities were observed in deep water layers, where physicochemical conditions remain relatively constant. In contrast, surface layers showed seasonal shifts in community composition, highlighting the influence of hydrological dynamics on microbial distribution. This research underscores the complex interplay between environmental stability and microbial ecology in extreme aquatic environments.

Balancing tourism, conservation, and development: a political ecology of ecotourism on the Galapagos Islands

Galápagos Islands — 2016 — WHE185E833622

Ecotourism on the Galápagos Islands, while promoting conservation and tourism, has significantly altered local communities' perceptions of agency and governance. A six-week field study on San Cristóbal Island revealed that residents face complex power dynamics where conservation efforts and tourism intersect with development, often at the expense of their political agency. The municipal government aims to implement 'true' ecotourism, which could empower locals, but this ideal is hindered by a lack of transparency and support from Ecuadorian governance. This research highlights the asymmetrical power relations in protected areas, demonstrating how conservation, tourism, and development reshape local lives and perceptions.

Bamboo Classification Using WorldView-2 Imagery of Giant Panda Habitat in a Large Shaded Area in Wolong, Sichuan Province, China

Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries - Wolong, Mt Siguniang and Jiajin Mountains — 2016 — WHEC23877690E

A study demonstrates that WorldView-2 (WV-2) imagery can effectively identify small patches of understory bamboo in giant panda habitats, even in shaded mountainous regions with limited training data. The research achieved high accuracy—93.10% user's accuracy and 82.65% producer’s accuracy for bamboo classification—by expanding sample size using principal component analysis (PCA) and applying a geostatistically-weighted k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) classifier, which accounts for spatial correlation between classes. The findings highlight the potential of WV-2 imagery for habitat assessments in the Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries, including Wolong, by overcoming challenges posed by shadow coverage and sparse data.