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Publications

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The Creation of Qatar

Al Zubarah Archaeological Site — 2016 — WHEC2B0AF704D

A groundbreaking political and social history of Qatar reveals the dynamic interplay between continuity and change in Qatari society, tracing its evolution from the late 18th century when the Utub settled Zubarah to the present day. The study highlights Qatar's internal development alongside its complex relationships with neighboring Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, as well as its ties with Britain. It identifies the inner logic of Qatari political and social structures, demonstrating how the society's resilience in adversity has enabled it to adapt to new levels of prosperity. This pioneering work, first published in 1979, provides a concise yet comprehensive narrative that sheds light on the forces shaping Qatar's trajectory.

The Cretaceous of the South Kyzylkum and Nuratau Region, Western Tien Shan, Central Uzbekistan

Western Tien-Shan — 2016 — WHE6AAD1F18C7

The Cretaceous rocks of the South Kyzylkum and Nuratau regions, representing the westernmost part of the Tien Shan, reveal a dynamic coastal-marine transitional zone influenced by tectonic activity. This study identifies 18 distinct clastic and carbonate facies deposited from the Aptian to Maastrichtian periods, showcasing alternating marine incursions and regressions linked to significant basin margin uplifts. The findings suggest that tectonic movements played a crucial role in shaping the late Cretaceous sedimentary successions, providing insights into the geological evolution of Central Uzbekistan's Amu Darya Basin.

The Cult and Clergy of Ea in Babylon

Babylon — 2016 — WHEEC6BFF1E13

A striking contrast emerges in the cult of Ea during late first-millennium Babylon: despite his prominence in rituals and shrines, such as the E-kar-zaginna within Marduk’s Esagil temple, Ea nearly disappears from personal names, except among a select group of around 200 individuals, primarily in Babylon. This study traces Ea worship through literary, archival sources, and name-giving practices, revealing how specific kinship groups revering Ea and Sˆın spread from Nippur and southern Babylonia to Babylon by the sixth century BCE. The research examines consistent traits of Ea worship across generations in these families, shedding light on the socio-religious dynamics of ancient Babylonian society.

The Cultural Diversity and Mission of Tamberma in Koutammakou in the Republic of Togo in West Africa

Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba — 2016 — WHE76F8EB2866

Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba, is home to the Tamberma people, whose cultural and religious practices are deeply rooted in a belief system centered around 'Petish,' a form of animistic worship that serves as both a spiritual guide and a protective force against malevolent entities. This study highlights the unique societal structure of the Tamberma, where village chiefs not only govern communal affairs but also play pivotal roles in religious leadership. The research emphasizes the need for a nuanced missionary approach that respects local traditions, promotes literacy, and supports the creation of scriptures in the Tamberma language to facilitate effective evangelization. It underscores the importance of understanding and addressing the constraints faced by missionaries while fostering mutual learning between them and the Tamberma community.

The Current State of Heritage Management at Pasargadae: Problems and Prospects

Pasargadae — 2016 — WHE7CD5ACC7BF

Pasargadae, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its historical significance and cultural appeal, faces challenges in tourism growth due to political and economic factors such as the nationalization of international hotels and conflicts. Despite these obstacles, the site demonstrates potential for heritage tourism development through strategic management. The study analyzes tourism trends and visitor motivations at Pasargadae, identifying key elements for effective conservation and tourism management. It employs a framework derived from international cultural tourism literature to assess how iconic status and regional connections influence visitor behavior and accessibility. The research provides insights into balancing conservation efforts with sustainable tourism growth, offering a model for similar heritage sites.

The Danube Delta

Danube Delta — 2016 — WHEF76C34599F

The Danube Delta has undergone five distinct evolutionary phases since its formation during the Quaternary period, primarily driven by sediment deposition from the Danube River. These phases—spanning from 11700 to 2500 years BP—were identified through multi-disciplinary analyses including geomorphology, radiocarbon dating, and faunal studies. The research reveals a dynamic transition from the Initial Letea-Caraorman Spit to more complex deltaic formations like the St. George I and Sulina Deltas, culminating in modern structures such as the St. George II, Kilia, and Cosna-Sinoie Deltas. Additionally, the study highlights significant anthropogenic impacts on the delta over the last two centuries, providing critical insights into its geological history and current challenges.

The Dasmariñases, Early Governors of the Spanish Philippines

Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville — 2016 — WHE12F0CC7B4F

The Dasmariñases, Early Governors of the Spanish Philippines, sheds light on the complex governance and cultural interactions during the Spanish colonial period in the region. This work reveals that Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas and his son Luis, who served as successive governors from 1589 to 1603, effectively addressed challenges posed by diverse cultures while upholding Spain's missionary objectives. Drawing on a wealth of archival documents, including an unpublished manuscript from the Lilly Library at Indiana University, the study provides unprecedented details about their governance and its impact on the Philippines' relationship with regional powers such as China, Japan, Siam, and Cambodia. The research argues that Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas met the moral and administrative standards expected by the Spanish Crown, offering a nuanced perspective on the Spanish Philippines' history.

The democratisation of tourism in the English Lake District: the role of the Co-operative Holidays Association and the Holiday Fellowship

The English Lake District — 2016 — WHEA026EFA7E8

The Co-operative Holidays Association (CHA) and the Holiday Fellowship played a pivotal role in democratizing tourism in the English Lake District, making it more accessible to lower middle-class and working-class holidaymakers. Founded in 1893 and 1913 respectively by Thomas Arthur Leonard, these organizations pioneered affordable outdoor holidays focused on healthy recreation and quiet enjoyment of nature. Through reasonably priced accommodation and a strong emphasis on fellowship, they significantly contributed to the Lake District's growing popularity as a destination for sport tourism and educational holidays. The study analyzes changes and continuities in their role, highlighting their impact on broadening access to the region while maintaining a focus on recreative and educational experiences.

The design of the “archive wall” at Aphrodisias

Aphrodisias — 2016 — WHE18F026846E

Aphrodisias' 'archive wall,' traditionally thought to be chronologically ordered, is revealed through this study to have been designed centripetally, prioritizing documents of honorific significance over chronological sequence. The research identifies two distinct epigraphic phases: the original phase, likely dating from 224 CE and comprising inscriptions above the orthostate course, and a later phase from 243 CE or slightly after, extending the inscriptions to the orthostate course. Additionally, it suggests that document 4, the earliest in the dossier, may be a letter by Cornelius Sulla. This study challenges conventional assumptions about the wall's design, emphasizing the importance of rhetorical content and concrete privileges over chronology.

The Determinants Of The Tourist Traffic In The Castle'S Museum Of Malbork

Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork — 2016 — WHEE8983917DA

A comprehensive analysis of tourist traffic at the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork reveals key determinants shaping visitor patterns over five decades (1959–2010). The study, based on statistical data and questionnaires from the 2010 holiday season, identifies critical factors influencing tourism, including seasonal trends and visitor perceptions. Findings highlight the significance of historical and cultural attributes in attracting tourists to this UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering insights for heritage management and sustainable tourism strategies.

The development of a new geospatial framework for the palaeoanthropological site of the Sterkfontein Caves, Cradle of Humankind, Gauteng, South Africa

Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa — 2016 — WHE2AA1E7040E

A unified, cohesive 3D Geospatial Information System (GIS) framework has been developed for the Sterkfontein Caves, a globally significant palaeoanthropological site in South Africa. This innovative approach integrates decades of legacy data with modern digital collections, enabling robust spatial analysis and modeling. The framework addresses challenges posed by the site's complex history of research, providing a multidimensional tool to enhance future integrative studies. The study outlines three phases of implementation and proposes next steps for further development and utilization.

The development of e-MERLIN

Jodrell Bank Observatory — 2016 — WHEB8067E2A38

Jodrell Bank Observatory's e-MERLIN, an advanced radio astronomy facility, has significantly enhanced our understanding of fundamental physical processes within our galaxy and beyond. By leveraging the enhanced Multi-Element Remote-Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN), researchers have been able to probe cosmic history and evolution with unprecedented precision. This cutting-edge network, located in Cheshire's countryside, combines multiple radio telescopes to create a powerful tool for studying phenomena at various redshifts. The development of e-MERLIN represents a milestone in radio astronomy, offering new insights into the universe's structure and dynamics.

The Development of Neolithic House Societies in Orkney

Heart of Neolithic Orkney — 2016 — WHEE0938D5815

Neolithic Orkney's archaeological landscape, characterized by its wealth of houses, chambered cairns, stone circles, and standing stones, reveals significant insights into the development of complex house societies. A notable imbalance between 4th and 3rd millennium cal BC evidence was observed, with house structures being more prevalent in the latter period. Drawing on Claude Lévi-Strauss's concept of 'sociétés à maisons,' this study explores how the physical appearance of houses served as a potent resource for materializing dichotomous alliance and descent principles apparent in Orkney's early and later Neolithic periods. Major excavations, such as those conducted during the Cuween-Wideford Landscape Project, provided unprecedented depth and variety of evidence for Neolithic occupation, bridging domestic and ceremonial architecture. This research traces the development and fragmentation of house societies over a 1500-year period, offering new parameters for understanding material changes in Northern Isles prehistory.

The discovery and exploration of Hang Son Doong

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park — 2016 — WHECDDAE315A5

Hang Son Doong, a colossal cave within the Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park in Vietnam, stands as one of the largest known caves globally. Discovered through systematic exploration by British cavers since 1990, this cave boasts a staggering scale, with a main chamber measuring over 5 km long, 200 m wide, and 150 m high, surpassing other notable caves like the Scream in Malaysia or the Deamvad in India. Part of the Phong Nha Cave system, Hang Son Doong extends from near the Lao border to its final resurgence at Phong Nha Cave, showcasing a unique geological formation shaped by millions of years of erosion. The cave's discovery and exploration provide unprecedented insights into the complex karst landscapes of the region, highlighting the significance of continued scientific investigation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The distribution of epiphytes over environmental and habitat gradients in tropical and subtropical Australia

Gondwana Rainforests of Australia — 2016 — WHE7ED6EFEA0C

Epiphytes in Australia's Gondwana Rainforests exhibit predictable distributions influenced primarily by moisture and light gradients, with vascular epiphytes showing species richness peaks at mid-elevations (500-700 m) and distinct partitioning over continuous light and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) gradients. Unlike mosses, which display uniform distribution across height zones, vascular epiphytes, such as orchids and ferns, occupy specific microclimatic niches, suggesting fine-scale habitat patchiness within host trees. The study also found that drought-mitigating traits in vascular epiphytes correlate with xeric conditions, while broader zonation systems like the Johansson zones may overlook intra-zone microhabitat variations. These findings highlight the critical role of microclimate in epiphyte survival and underscore the need for further research to mitigate biodiversity loss under climate change.

The distribution, diversity and function of predominant Thermoproteales in high‐temperature environments of Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2016 — WHE45A68A67C5

A comprehensive study of Thermoproteales, a crenarchaeal order thriving in high-temperature environments (>70°C), reveals distinct distribution patterns and functional adaptations across geochemically diverse habitats in Yellowstone National Park. The research identifies Thermocladium, Vulcanisaeta, and Caldivirga as dominant genera in low-pH (pH < 5) settings, while Thermoproteus and Pyrobaculum prevail in mildly acidic to higher pH sulfur sediments and filamentous streamer communities, respectively. Metabolic reconstructions indicate these populations are primarily chemoorganotrophs utilizing varied electron acceptors based on geochemical conditions. Notably, potential CO₂ fixation pathways linked with NiFe hydrogenases suggest a symbiotic relationship with high H₂ levels in sulfidic systems, providing energy for inorganic carbon fixation.

The Dynamic Behavior of the Basilica of San Francesco in Assisi Using Simplified Analytical Models

Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites — 2016 — WHE1DBAAF2FA3

A critical factor in the collapse of two vaults in Assisi's Basilica of San Francesco during the 1997 earthquake was identified: cumulative structural changes, particularly roof retrofitting. Using simplified analytical models, researchers demonstrated that modifications to the roof, especially a 1958 intervention, stiffened the structure, redistributing seismic loads onto the façade and transept. This overload likely contributed to the vaults' failure. The study highlights how historical interventions can inadvertently alter a structure's dynamic behavior, increasing vulnerability to seismic events.

The Eastern Necropolis in Cairo and its Buffer Zone (Towards a Sustainable Conservation Strategy)

Historic Cairo — 2016 — WHED7F8A0992D

A sustainable conservation strategy for the Eastern Necropolis in Historic Cairo could effectively curb urban informality and preserve the city's skyline. This study, part of the URHC 2010-2012 initiative, demonstrates that targeted interventions—such as buffer zone management and heritage conservation—can mitigate slum formation while promoting urban equity. The research employed a multi-phase approach: a pilot study to assess the site; fieldwork and surveys to create a base map of the necropolis; documentary analysis to evaluate conservation strategies; and a final synthesis of findings. By integrating these methods, the authors propose actionable frameworks for balancing development with heritage preservation in World Heritage Sites.

The Economic Impact of Using Wastewater Triple Treatment in Agricultural Irrigation of Al-Ahsa Oasis in Saudi Arabia

Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape — 2016 — WHE190D424424

A study on Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals that wastewater triple treatment significantly boosts agricultural productivity and profitability for palm and lemon crops. Using treated wastewater increased yield by 10.1% for Alrziz Palm, 5.3% for Alkhallas Palm, and 12% for lemon trees compared to groundwater irrigation, while reducing costs related to water, fertilizers, and labor. The research also found that treated wastewater can replace up to 80% of synthetic fertilizers due to its nutrient content. This approach addresses water scarcity and rising salinity issues in the oasis while offering economic benefits. The study recommends educating farmers about treated wastewater irrigation and integrating these findings into agricultural policies.

The Economic Role of the Geographical Potential of Samarkand Region

Samarkand – Crossroad of Cultures — 2016 — WHE7CE0F648F5

Samarkand, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a crossroads of cultures, plays a significant economic role in Uzbekistan's national economy. The region's geographical potential, including its administrative structure, natural resources, tourism potential, foreign trade, and transport networks, has been systematically analyzed to assess its contributions and challenges. Recent economic policies have enhanced Samarkand's economic significance, though persistent issues remain. This study highlights the region's dual role as an economic driver and a cultural heritage site, offering insights into its sustainable development and integration within national and global frameworks.