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Gorée, casse-tête de la défense française des colonies en Sénégambie, 1677-1817

Island of Gorée — 2014 — WHEF1AA635F91

The strategic significance of Gorée Island, located off the Cape Verde Peninsula, made it a highly contested site for Western powers aiming to control trade and slavery along the Sénégambian coast from the 16th to 18th centuries. Despite France's ambition to establish Gorée as a defensive platform to secure its thriving tropical product and slave trade, repeated setbacks—primarily due to administrative failures of charter companies and conflicts between state authorities and commercial entities—hindered its long-term control. The study reveals that these challenges weakened the military and administrative infrastructure critical for protecting Gorée, highlighting systemic inefficiencies in colonial governance that persisted over decades.

Gorgona, Baudó y Darién (Chocó Biogeográfico, Colombia): ecorregiones modelo para los estudios ecológicos de comunidades de quebradas costeras

Darien National Park — 2014 — WHEECDD4319B2

Coastal streams in the Gorgona National Natural Park, Baudó, and Darién ecoregions of Colombia's Biogeographic Chocó exhibit unique ecological characteristics that diverge from traditional river typologies. These short, steep streams, shaped by tectonic activity, feature frequent waterfalls and cascades, with distinct step-and-pool sequences in montane reaches and cobble-bed glides or riffles in coastal plains. Flow regimes vary dramatically: flashy in Pacific drainages with high annual rainfall (>7000mm) and seasonally dry in Caribbean drainages (<3500mm), leading to significant ecological impacts from floods and droughts. These streams support a high diversity of primary freshwater fish, including endemics, and diadromous species shared with Central America and the Antilles, while lacking diadromous gastropods. Closed canopies in low-order streams contribute substantial litter inputs, shaping consumer assemblages dominated by diadromous fish and shrimp. The study synthesizes existing data to highlight these streams as model systems for understanding coastal stream ecology in volcanic oceanic contexts.

Gorilla Tourism in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda: An Actor-Network Perspective

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park — 2014 — WHEEA470A76D4

Gorilla tourism in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda, has evolved through multiple 'translations' of the gorilla's role, shaping its significance across hunting, scientific, conservation, and tourism networks. Using actor-network theory (ANT), this study reveals how gorillas transitioned from trophies to symbols of scientific curiosity, endangered species, and finally, key attractions in tourism. The research highlights the dynamic interplay between human actors and gorillas, demonstrating that gorilla tourism's permanence stems from these shifting relationships. By applying ANT's concepts of ordering, materiality, and multiplicity, the study offers new perspectives on agency in tourism, conservation, and development, emphasizing how gorillas are actively shaped by their social contexts.

Great Women of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Defining Nature and the National Park Service

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHEDAF4D7BDAA

The Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) reflects evolving American definitions of nature, shaped significantly by three overlooked women—Anne May Davis, Laura Thornburgh, and the Walker Sisters. Their diverse perspectives on nature, influenced by class, gender, and cultural shifts in Appalachia, reveal that the park's creation was driven primarily by its economic potential through tourism. Unlike earlier parks rooted in scenic nationalism, GSMNP's development marked a transition in how nature was perceived—whether as a commodity, moral authority, or means of extraction. This study highlights the National Park system's dynamic evolution, challenging the notion of its static origins and underscoring the role of women in redefining its purpose.

Ground penetrating radar and micro raman spectroscopy in Keciova Mosque Casbah-Algiers (Algeria)

Kasbah of Algiers — 2014 — WHEEF25C0EB6E

Advanced non-destructive techniques, including ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and micro confocal Raman spectroscopy (CRS), have been successfully employed to assess the structural integrity of the Keciova Mosque within Algeria's UNESCO-listed Casbah. The study revealed critical historical remnants, foundational elements, and subsurface risks such as fractures and cavities, which are essential for guiding conservation efforts. Additionally, CRS identified minerals and rock types present in the mosque, providing invaluable data for restoration planning. This approach offers a precise, non-invasive method to evaluate ageing heritage structures, ensuring their preservation while maintaining historical accuracy.

Ground‐dwelling arthropod responses to succession in a pinyon‐juniper woodland

Mesa Verde National Park — 2014 — WHEE0EB64B412

Ground-dwelling arthropods in pinyon-juniper woodlands exhibit distinct community compositions between early successional and old-growth stages, highlighting their sensitivity to habitat changes. A study at Mesa Verde National Park compared arthropod communities in 300–400-year-old stands with those recovering from a 2002 fire, revealing higher abundance in major groups (except spiders) in early succession but greater species richness in old-growth habitats during late summer. Spatial variability and habitat affiliation were strong indicators of community shifts, with 83% and 91% of species primarily or exclusively found in one stage, respectively. Several strict specialist species were identified, underscoring the ecological significance of preserving old-growth woodlands.

Gynura tambuyukonensis (Asteraceae), an obligate ultramafic species endemic to Mount Tambuyukon (Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia)

Kinabalu Park — 2014 — WHE2D5382E770

Researchers have identified and described Gynura tambuyukonensis, a new endemic species of Gynura found exclusively on ultramafic soils at high altitudes (2450–2550 m) on Mount Tambuyukon within Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia. This obligate ultramafic plant is closely related to G. sundaiaca from the Lesser Sunda Islands and Timor, distinguished by key morphological traits. The study provides detailed insights into its habitat, ecology, and distribution, contributing valuable data on the biodiversity of Kinabalu Park's unique ecosystems.

Habitat Preferences of Boros schneideri (Coleoptera: Boridae) in the Natural Tree Stands of the Białowieża Forest

Białowieża Forest — 2014 — WHEA8697CCADF

Boros schneideri, a beetle species found in the Białowieża Forest, exhibits strong habitat preferences for dead, standing pine trees with large diameters, located in mesic and wet coniferous forests. These trees should have moderately moist to moist phloem but avoid sunny locations. The species predominantly inhabits old-growth forests over 140 years old, with its occurrence in younger stands (31-40 years) being no different from random distribution. Additionally, B. schneideri tends to occupy areas farther from forest edges, which are less impacted by logging. Given these habitat requirements and the declining number of occupied locations across its range, this species is considered a relict of primeval forests. The study analyzed field data collected in the Białowieża Forest to elucidate these preferences.

Habitat requirements of the endangered Amami Thrush ( Zoothera dauma major ), endemic to Amami-Oshima Island, southwestern Japan

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHEAFB5E6EBC5

Amami Thrushes (Zoothera dauma major), endemic to Amami-Oshima Island, Japan, exhibit a strong preference for old-growth broad-leaved forests as breeding habitats. This preference is driven by the abundance of food resources, particularly earthworms, and suitable nesting sites such as large tree branches, rock ledges, and epiphytic ferns, which are more prevalent in older forests. Field surveys revealed that both male and female parents cared for nestlings, with earthworms constituting most of their diet. The study underscores the critical role of preserving old-growth forests to ensure the survival of this endangered species, as younger forests lack the necessary ecological features to support thrush populations.

Haiti’s Prized Presidential Legacies

National History Park – Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers — 2014 — WHE09AA8D3EB3

Haiti's Prized Presidential Legacies challenges the pervasive narrative of systemic corruption among Haitian presidents, highlighting seven notable leaders whose achievements have been overlooked. These include Henry Christophe, known for establishing a monarchy and constructing the Citadelle fortress and Sans-Souci palace; Boyer, who unified Haiti; Geffrard, the 'Redeemer of the Republic'; Salomon, leader of the Black National Party; Hyppolite, celebrated for his distinctive style; and the 1946 Revolution led by Estimé and Magloire's military leadership that paved the way to Haiti's 'Golden Age.' The study underscores their lasting significance in shaping Haitian history, despite being marginalized in historiographies. It employs a critical review of historical accounts and primary sources to re-evaluate these leaders' legacies, offering a nuanced perspective on Haiti's political evolution.

Hantavirus Infections among Overnight Visitors to Yosemite National Park, California, USA, 2012

Yosemite National Park — 2014 — WHE148C428946

During the summer of 2012, an outbreak of hantavirus infections among overnight visitors to Yosemite National Park, California, USA, was linked to exposure in signature tent cabins. The investigation identified 10 cases across three states, with eight patients experiencing severe hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), including five requiring intensive care and three fatalities. A significant association (p<0.001) was found between staying overnight in these cabins and infection risk, attributed to rodent nests and tunnels discovered in the foam insulation of cabin walls. Environmental sampling revealed a high trap success rate for deer mice (51%), with 14% testing positive for Sin Nombre virus antibodies. Public health measures, including the closure and dismantling of all signature tent cabins, along with continuous awareness campaigns and rodent control, were emphasized to mitigate future risks in areas inhabited by deer mice.

Haplopteris yakushimensis (Pteridaceae, Vittarioideae), a new species from Yakushima Island, Japan

Yakushima — 2014 — WHE7EC18046DD

Researchers have identified a new species of fern, Haplopteris yakushimensis, from Yakushima Island, Japan. This discovery was made by comparing macro- and micromorphological characteristics with closely related species, such as Haplopteris amboinensis and H. forrestiana (a synonym of H. doniana). The new species is distinguished by its chartaceous matured fronds, shallowly grooved adaxial costae, and obtuse carinate abaxial costae. Additionally, a phylogenetic analysis based on plastid regions chlL, ndhF, and matK was conducted to further elucidate the relationships among 14 East-Asian Haplopteris species, including the newly described taxon.

Hard times in the city – attractive nest sites but insufficient food supply lead to low reproduction rates in a bird of prey

Historic Centre of Vienna — 2014 — WHE5FFC952FEE

Despite the high density of Eurasian kestrel nests in Vienna's urban center, reproductive success is significantly lower compared to less urbanized areas. This study found that while nest sites are abundant and attractive in highly urbanized regions, the availability of prey—particularly rodents—is insufficient, leading to a diet shift towards small birds and higher rates of nest failure, predation, and desertion. The research analyzed breeding parameters over three years, comparing prey abundance with dietary data along an urbanization gradient. Results suggest that kestrels are drawn to urban habitats due to the availability of nesting cavities but face ecological challenges, such as reduced food supply and increased predation risks, which may trap them in suboptimal environments.

Hatra, Iraq

Hatra — 2014 — WHE7178962765

Hatra, a desert fortress in Iraq, withstood multiple assaults, including attacks by Ardashir and the Romans, demonstrating its strategic significance. The site's alliance with Rome during the Sassanid expansion of Mesopotamia highlighted its role as a key player in regional power dynamics. In 232, Emperor Severus Alexander led a campaign to reclaim cities in the Tigris-Euphrates basin, but after his death in 235, the Sassanids reasserted control over the region. This historical account underscores Hatra's resilience and its pivotal position in ancient geopolitical conflicts.

Havana in the Atlantic World

Old Havana and its Fortification System — 2014 — WHEF09A2AFE2C

Havana's strategic role in imperial trade and its extensive fortification system, shaped significantly by the British siege of 1762-1763, highlight its complex development as a cosmopolitan hub. The city's economic transformation, dominated first by sugar production and later by tourism, reflects its evolving global significance. Post-revolutionary policies in 1959 redirected resources away from Havana, leading to urban decline, while UNESCO recognition in 1982 spurred restoration efforts. Despite economic crises following the Soviet collapse and recent challenges like natural disasters and pandemics, Havana's historical layers—from colonial fortifications to modern infrastructure—remain a testament to its enduring influence as Cuba's political and cultural capital.

Heated walls of the cave Chauvet-Pont d’Arc (Ardèche, France): characterization and chronology

Decorated Cave of Pont d’Arc, known as Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc, Ardèche — 2014 — WHE0731BB6F5B

Research on the Grotte Chauvet-Pont d’Arc reveals that its decorated walls were subjected to intense heat, reaching temperatures between 300 and 375°C. This thermal alteration, characterized by discoloration, flaking, and soot deposits, was identified in both early and deep sections of the cave, suggesting widespread use of fire during the Aurignacian period (around 30,000 years ago). Paleothermometric analysis using thermoluminescence confirmed these high temperatures, while radiocarbon dating linked the heating events to charcoal used for artworks. The study proposes multiple potential functions for the fires, including lighting, torch maintenance, pigment production, or symbolic purposes, but leaves their exact role open to interpretation.

Heavy minerals in sediments from the Mošnica Cave: Implications for the pre-Quaternary evolution of the middle-mountain allogenic karst in the Nízke Tatry Mts., Slovakia

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — 2014 — WHEE475AD0DED

Research on sediments from the Mošnica Cave in Slovakia reveals that heavy minerals, including garnet, zircon, and staurolite, suggest a past larger catchment area for the allogenic karst of the Mošnica Valley. These minerals, sourced from granitoids, amphibolites, and Triassic cover sediments, indicate a pre-Quaternary landscape with less dissection. The study proposes that a shift in the watershed boundary, likely due to Late Tertiary tectonic tilting, reshaped the terrain. Sedimentological, petrographical, and mineralogical analyses were employed to uncover these insights, providing a window into the region's geological history.

Herbaceous Community Structure and Function in the Kluane Region

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek — 2014 — WHE2BB7ACEDC7

Nutrient availability, not herbivory, is the primary driver of herbaceous biomass in Kluane's understory and grassland ecosystems. A 20-year study found that while fertilization increased vegetation nutrient content and biomass, it also led to the loss of 13 plant species, whereas natural mammalian herbivory had minimal impact on diversity or community structure. Additionally, a seven-year experiment revealed that graminoids play a more significant role in ecosystem functioning than their proportional biomass suggests, with functional group identity proving crucial. These findings underscore the importance of long-term experiments, particularly in northern ecosystems, to capture transient short-term responses and potential shifts due to climate change or unique events.

Heritage and Development: Lessons from Cambodia

Koh Ker: Archaeological Site of Ancient Lingapura or Chok Gargyar — 2014 — WHE95603218EB

A key insight from the Koh Ker temple complex in Cambodia reveals that sustainable heritage management, combined with local education initiatives, can effectively mitigate the destruction of cultural assets driven by extreme poverty. The study highlights how Heritage Watch's intervention at Koh Ker, focusing on community engagement and sustainable use of heritage, not only preserved the site but also provided a model for future projects. This approach has since been successfully applied to another Cambodian site, Banteay Chhmar. The research underscores the importance of integrating local communities into preservation efforts to address both economic hardships and cultural loss.

Heritage conservation and architectural education: “An educational methodology for design studios”

Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah — 2014 — WHE2AB5BB0BD1

Architectural education programs that focus on revitalizing and conserving communities' heritage values can serve as an effective approach in cultural heritage conservation projects. The study proposes an educational methodology for design studios, emphasizing adaptive reuse of historic buildings to integrate conservation principles with new activities while respecting architectural and historical significance. Through two senior student projects—'Adaptive Reuse of Jeddah Historic Houses as a Tool for Developing Cultural Tourism'—the research evaluates design processes, concepts, and outcomes, demonstrating that such programs can develop students' creative and investigative skills. This methodology supports the preservation of traditional communities' values and cultural contexts, ensuring continuity with local needs while promoting respectful and aware design practices.