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Fynbos Honey—Pride Of South Africa's Cape Floristic Kingdom

Cape Floral Region Protected Areas — 2014 — WHEB88A6BF069

Fynbos honey, produced by the Cape honeybee (Apis mellifera capensis), stands out as a unique product of South Africa's Cape Floristic Kingdom. This study highlights the distinct characteristics and significance of Fynbos honey, which is derived from the diverse flora found exclusively in this region. The research explores the beekeeping practices associated with this phenomenon, emphasizing its cultural and economic importance. By analyzing the botanical composition and bee behavior, the study provides insights into the ecological and agricultural value of Fynbos honey, contributing to the understanding of this specialized product within South Africa's UNESCO-listed Cape Floral Region Protected Areas.

Gaudí Gehry Barcelona

Works of Antoni Gaudí — 2014 — WHE1AF49AC75D

This study reveals a subversive critique of architectural and spatial conditions embedded in the late works of Antoni Gaudí and Frank Gehry, challenging their roles as mere tourist icons. It establishes a link between Gaudí’s Expiatory Temple of the Sagrada Família and Gehry’s late works, particularly his Fish sculpture in Barcelona, by interpreting their organic forms through Heideggerian philosophy. The research argues that both architects deconstruct traditional architectural practices to critique ontological closure, urging a radical reimagining of space and time beyond historical norms.

Gaze and the picturesque landscape of Amber, India

Hill Forts of Rajasthan — 2014 — WHEFE6421345B

Amber, one of Rajasthan's UNESCO-listed hill forts, stands out for its cultural landscape, shaped by strategic military architecture and traditional design knowledge. While the fort's monuments—walls, palaces, temples, and gardens—are well-preserved, tourists often overlook the broader historic settlement at its foothills, missing a critical layer of its heritage. This study highlights how Amber's visual and physical relationships with its surroundings form an integral part of its cultural significance, contrasting with the more frequently explored palace complex. The research emphasizes the importance of understanding the fort's landscape beyond its immediate structures, offering insights into its historical evolution from the 11th century under Kachhawa Rajput rule to its current status as a World Heritage Site.

Geldgeschäfte im Auftrag des römischen Königs. Eberhard Windeck, Brügge, Lübeck und König Sigmund (1415 – 1417)

Hanseatic City of Lübeck — 2014 — WHE35CE4D0FB9

A rare glimpse into 15th-century royal finances reveals how King Sigmund of the Romans relied on pawning precious gifts and leveraging imperial city revenues to fund his European tour, highlighting systemic deficiencies in elective monarchy funding. This study, analyzed through the lens of Eberhard Windeck's biographical account, underscores the fiscal nature of royal policies toward Lübeck, a key Hanseatic and imperial city, during a period marked by communal leadership crises. By examining transactions at the Bruges money market and other revenue instruments, the research sheds light on the lack of general taxes in the Holy Roman Empire, contrasting sharply with contemporary practices in England and France.

Genetic Diversity of a Late Prehispanic Group of the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Northwestern Argentina

Quebrada de Humahuaca — 2014 — WHE8BF3FA4D44

A late prehispanic group from the Quebrada de Humahuaca, Northwestern Argentina, exhibited significant genetic diversity with affinities to both Central Andean highlands and contemporary admixed Chaco communities. This suggests a complex evolutionary history shaped by regional interactions and demographic events such as the expansion of the Inca Empire and European colonization. The study analyzed DNA from 39 individuals dating to the Regional Development period (11th–15th centuries CE), revealing distinct maternal and paternal genetic lineages. Findings also indicate a geographical organization of prehispanic populations, divided between two spheres of interaction, aligning with craniometric evidence.

Geochronology of plutonic rocks and their tectonic terranes in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeast Alaska

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek — 2014 — WHEC410F0CAD6

A comprehensive geochronological study of plutonic rocks in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve, southeast Alaska, reveals the temporal and spatial relationships between these rocks and their tectonic terranes. The research identifies six major plutonic belts and two nonbelt occurrences, spanning from Jurassic to Oligocene periods (201.6–23.0 Ma). These plutonic units are classified into 17 distinct age-compositional groups, with younger belts often superimposed on older ones. Almost all these rocks are linked to Cretaceous and Tertiary subduction events, intruding three geographic subregions: the Coastal Islands, Tarr Inlet Suture Zone (including the Border Ranges Fault Zone), and Central Alexander Archipelago. The study highlights that Early Cretaceous plutons primarily intrude the Alexander and Wrangellia terranes in the Central Alexander Archipelago, while Paleogene plutons intrude a broader range of terranes across all subregions. This research provides critical insights into the tectonic evolution of this UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering a detailed framework for understanding the geological history of the region.

Geological characteristics of dip slope type landslides occurred on hard shale dominant formation in the Green Tuff region : an example of the Oshinkoshin landslide area in the Shiretoko Peninsula, East Hokkaido, Japan

Shiretoko — 2014 — WHECBD2EFD7FE

A study of the Shiretoko Peninsula, Japan, reveals that large-scale landslides in the Green Tuff region are closely linked to geological layers dominated by hard shale and interbedded soft tuffaceous rocks. These dip-slope type landslides, classified as hydrothermally altered rock slides or debris flows, originate from the presence of smectite-rich soft tuff layers within thick hard shale formations. The research highlights that the Oshinkoshin landslide area exemplifies this relationship, with variations in scale—from massive rock slides to smaller debris flows—depending on the composition and structure of the moving material. This finding underscores the critical role of stratigraphic layering and mineralogical properties in landslide susceptibility within hard shale-dominated terrains.

Geology and development of the Yakushima island: a world heritage site

Yakushima — 2014 — WHEC58E64A829

Yakushima, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its biodiversity, features a unique geological foundation distinct from typical oceanic islands. Unlike most volcanic islands, Yakushima's bedrock consists of Shikoku Basin sedimentary rocks and the Yakushima Granite, which forms its high mountain terrain. This study reveals that the granite's intrusion mechanism was analyzed through observations of orthoclase megacrysts' directional alignment, dike distribution, deformation of host rocks, and contact metamorphism. Additionally, it examines the sequence of development in Shikoku Basin strata, pillow basalts, compaction, mélange structures, and liquefaction features caused by earthquakes within the accretionary complex. The research also explores the depositional patterns of pyroclastic flow sediments from the Kikai Caldera eruption and the seismic liquefaction triggered by volcanic eruptions, providing insights into potential underwater explosive eruption hazards.

Geology and groundwater regions to quantify primary salinity, sodicity and alkalinity in South African soils

Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape — 2014 — WHEE0D77DC77E

Soils in the Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape exhibit among the highest primary salinity, sodicity, and alkalinity in South Africa. Research reveals that soils from the Whitehill Formation (Ecca Group) are notably saline (median EC = 2720 mS m⁻¹) and sodic (median ESP = 79.8), while those in the Richtersveld groundwater region show extreme sodicity (median ESP > 20). Alkaline soils (median pH > 8.5) dominate the Richtersveld Subprovince, Eendoorn granite geological unit, and specific groundwater regions like the Richtersveld, Ghaap Plateau, and Western Kalahari. Highest salinity correlates with arid western areas of the Northern and Western Cape, particularly in closed basins and intermontane zones. This study quantifies primary soil conditions using geological units and groundwater regions, providing critical baseline data for understanding natural salinity, sodicity, and alkalinity in South African soils.

Geomorphological Map of the Tadrart Acacus Massif and the Erg Uan Kasa (Libyan Central Sahara)

Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus — 2014 — WHE75130C61DA

A geomorphological map of the Tadrart Acacus Massif and Erg Uan Kasa reveals that the landscape's formation resulted from overlapping surface processes triggered by divergent environmental conditions, including humid and arid periods. The study highlights the significance of solutional processes in shaping the massif, evidenced by its ruiniform landscape and numerous caves, while also demonstrating the impact of Pleistocene interglacials and the Holocene African Humid Period on the region's hydrology. Researchers used satellite imagery analysis combined with fieldwork to identify and map these geomorphological units, providing insights into the complex interplay between climate and geological processes in the Libyan Sahara.

Geomorphology of the Sierra de Atapuerca and the Middle Arlanzón Valley (Burgos, Spain)

Archaeological Site of Atapuerca — 2014 — WHEB78B2B7BF7

A geomorphological map of the Sierra de Atapuerca and Middle Arlanzón Valley reveals a complex landscape shaped by Neogene polygenetic landform development, preserving four planation surfaces as plateaus. This region's unique geological and geomorphological characteristics have facilitated the formation and preservation of archaeo-palaeoanthropological sites for over one million years. The study, covering 207 km² at a 1:25,000 scale, identifies 14 strath terraces dating from the Early Pleistocene, formed through exoreic fluvial valley incision, alongside other landforms such as landslides, cones, semi-endoreic areas, colluvial deposits, and karstic features. The research integrates fieldwork, a 5 m resolution digital elevation model, aerial photographs, and geological maps to synthesize the geodynamic evolution of this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Geophysical exploration of castle remains in Barwałd Górny (near Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland) using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) with assistance of depth of investigation index (DOI) method

Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park — 2014 — WHE6823A48D2D

Geophysical surveys at the ruins of a 14th-century castle atop Mount Żar, near Kalwaria Zebrzydowska, Poland, revealed potential remnants of castle walls and buildings buried underground. Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) in March 2014, researchers mapped subsurface structures with high precision. The Depth-of-Investigation (DOI) index method enhanced interpretation by providing insights into the depth and extent of detected anomalies. This non-invasive approach offers a promising tool for archaeological exploration at UNESCO World Heritage Sites, where traditional excavation is limited or impractical.

Geopolitics of Tabula Rasa: Persian Garden and the Idea of City

The Persian Garden — 2014 — WHE21CF060307

Persian gardens, traditionally symbols of ordered landscapes and royal leisure, are revealed as fundamental spatial devices that establish sovereign power over territory. In the harsh Iranian plateau, these gardens functioned as micro-cosmic 'camps,' providing essential conditions for life to flourish within a 'tabula rasa' landscape. This study demonstrates how Persian gardens blurred distinctions between various forms of life, creating an 'ideal life' where kings represented divine authority and cities embodied paradise. By analyzing the geopolitical implications of these gardens, the research challenges conventional interpretations, emphasizing their role in shaping urban landscapes and political structures.

Geospatial Virtual Heritage: A Gesture-Based 3D GIS to Engage the Public with Ancient Maya Archaeology

Maya Site of Copan — 2014 — WHE8701AA4138

A gesture-based 3D GIS system enhances public engagement with ancient Maya archaeology, offering an intuitive alternative to traditional device-based interactions. The study developed a low-cost, portable tool using QueryArch3D and Microsoft Kinect, enabling users to navigate virtual landscapes of Copan—a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Honduras—through body movements. Beta-testing revealed that natural interaction improved user experience, making complex archaeological data more accessible. This approach demonstrates potential for widespread adoption in museum exhibitions, particularly in developing regions, by providing immersive yet adaptable content for diverse cultural heritage sites.

Gesang Dream: Functions of Faith in Stockhausen's Electric Mass

Cologne Cathedral — 2014 — WHE9B8D63C8AE

Stockhausen's 'Gesang der Jünglinge' (1956) emerged as a groundbreaking fusion of electronic and acoustic music, challenging the boundaries between avant-garde experimentation and Christian tradition. The piece, inspired by Stockhausen's Catholic faith, combined synthetic sounds with liturgical elements, yet its premiere was rejected by Cologne Cathedral—potentially due to perceived theological or logistical concerns rather than technological objections. This study re-examines the piece through historical musicology, liturgical analysis, and Stockhausen's personal narrative, arguing that 'Gesang der Jünglinge' was not just a technical milestone but a deliberate reimagining of sacred music for modern audiences, complicating the cathedral's refusal.

Gnezdilke Parka Škocjanske jame (Kras, JZ Slovenija)/ The breeding birds of Škocjan Caves Park (Kras, SW Slovenia)

Škocjan Caves — 2014 — WHE6D0131C104

A comprehensive survey of breeding birds in Škocjan Caves Park, conducted between 2011 and 2012, identified 49 breeding species within the park's boundaries, including several of conservation significance. The study highlighted the presence of key species such as the Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), Robin (Erithacus rubecula), and Marsh Tit (Poecile palustris), with population estimates ranging from 200 to 320 breeding pairs for the most abundant species. Notably, the park hosts one of the largest colonies of Alpine Swifts (Apus melba) in Slovenia, a rare and localized species. Additionally, species such as the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus), Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), and Scops Owl (Otus scops) were identified as qualifying for the Special Protected Area (SPA) Kras. The study used territory mapping for common species and species-specific methods, including observation, playback, and line transect techniques, to survey rare or nocturnally active birds.

Göbekli Tepe, Türkei

Göbekli Tepe — 2014 — WHE25DB05D9D2

Göbekli Tepe, located northeast of Şanlıurfa in southeastern Turkey, stands as one of the most significant archaeological sites from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period (10th–9th millennium BC). The site's monumental structures, formed by debris from ancient constructions, have been systematically excavated since 1995. Recent excavation campaigns focused on erecting permanent shelter structures to preserve this remarkable ruin hill. Göbekli Tepe challenges traditional narratives of early human societies, offering insights into complex architectural achievements and social organization during a period previously thought to lack such sophistication.

Gods, Caves, and Scholars: Chalcolithic Cult and Metallurgy in the Judean Desert

The Historic Town and Archaeological Site of Gedi — 2014 — WHE457FE8202C

A recent analysis of ceramic mold remains attached to copper implements from Israel suggests that the Ein Gedi area in the Judean Desert was the origin of sophisticated Chalcolithic copper objects produced using the lost wax technique. This contradicts previous assumptions that such items were either imports or locally produced with remote materials. The study, based on ongoing research, provides new insights into the production process and offers better explanations for archaeological evidence. By examining copper artifacts from the Nahal Mishmar hoard and other sites, researchers identified a dichotomy between simple tools made of pure copper and elaborate prestige items made of copper alloys with antimony and arsenic. The findings refine our understanding of early metallurgy in the southern Levant.

Gold in the Alhambra: study of materials, technologies, and decay processes on decorative gilded plasterwork

Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada — 2014 — WHEBE2CA3F95B

A groundbreaking analysis of the Alhambra's gilded plasterwork in Granada, Spain, reveals two distinct decorative techniques and identifies key decay processes threatening these historic artifacts. The study found that while some areas feature original gold leaf applied directly to plaster with proteinaceous glue, others exhibit a laminated structure combining gold leaf over tin foil, secured by either glue or natural resin. Decay is primarily driven by the degradation of organic adhesives—forming calcium oxalates—and the oxidation of tin, which transforms into tin (II) oxide. Additionally, two forms of false gilding were detected: one using a varnish-tinted tin foil and another involving a severely degraded bronze alloy, both contributing to the complex deterioration observed. The research employed nondestructive techniques, including Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy, to characterize materials and decay processes without compromising the artifacts.

Good governance and tourism development in protected areas: The case of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, central Vietnam

Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park and Hin Nam No National Park — 2014 — WHE17D1AC1927

Tourism development in protected areas, while often seen as a viable income source for conservation, is frequently hindered by poor governance practices. A study of Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park in central Vietnam reveals that despite market-oriented policies, tourism remains fragmented due to bureaucratic burdens, institutional weaknesses, and top-down decision-making processes. These challenges limit benefit-sharing among stakeholders and undermine conservation goals. The research applies Graham, Amos, and Plumptre’s five governance principles to analyze the park’s management structure, highlighting gaps in implementation that obstruct sustainable development. The findings underscore the need for clearer responsibilities, structures, and processes to align tourism with conservation objectives, offering a foundation for future comparative studies on protected area management.