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Showing 25181 – 25200 of 30315 publications

Niche-Partitioning of Edaphic Microbial Communities in the Namib Desert Gravel Plain Fairy Circles

Namib Sand Sea — 2014 — WHE4C4453CD41

Fairy Circles (FCs) in the Namib Desert, characterized by vegetation-free circular patterns surrounded by grass, have long puzzled scientists. A study published in PLoS ONE provides compelling evidence that edaphic microorganisms play a significant role in their formation and maintenance. Researchers analyzed bacterial and fungal communities across three zones—FC center, margin, and external vegetated soil—using T-RFLP fingerprinting and ANOSIM statistical analysis. The findings revealed distinct microbial communities within FCs compared to surrounding soils, with higher variability observed between the center and margin of each FC. While the study confirms that microorganisms are involved in the FC phenomenon, it remains uncertain whether they directly cause the circles or are a consequence of their existence.

Nine new species of Timonius (Rubiaceae) from Kinabalu Park, Borneo

Kinabalu Park — 2014 — WHE49333FE8A4

Nine new species of Timonius (Rubiaceae) have been identified from Kinabalu Park, Borneo. These include T. abanii, T. beamanii, T. bullatus, T. kinabaluensis, T. leopoldii, T. ophioliticus, T. pannosus, T. stenolobus, and T. tambuyukonensis. Six of these species are believed to be endemic to the Kinabalu massif, while four are found exclusively on ultramafic soils. The discovery highlights the rich biodiversity of the region and underscores the importance of Kinabalu Park as a conservation priority.

Nitrogen and organic compounds correlations in groundwater from the aquifer in a semi-island (Curonian Spit, Lithuania)

Curonian Spit — 2014 — WHE384EA30207

Biological processes are the primary drivers of nitrogen compound diversity and concentration changes in groundwater from semi-island environments, such as the Curonian Spit in Lithuania. This study challenges conventional assumptions by demonstrating that nitrogen levels can increase over time due to biological activity, both in source areas and during water treatment. Researchers analyzed ammonium ions, ammonium nitrogen/organic compounds ratios, and total nitrogen concentrations at a well-field in Neringa, revealing dynamic interactions that alter water quality from the origin aquifer. By controlling reaction rates, it may be possible to mitigate nitrogen diversity, offering a potential strategy for managing groundwater contamination in coastal regions.

Nitrogen Deposition Effects on Diatom Communities in Lakes from Three National Parks in Washington State

Olympic National Park — 2014 — WHE0A4CEBB0FF

Researchers found that nitrogen (N) deposition at Hoh Lake in Olympic National Park has surpassed a critical threshold of 1.0 to 1.2 kg N ha−1 year−1, triggering shifts in diatom communities indicative of N enrichment, particularly increases in Asterionella formosa and Fragilaria tenera. However, nine other lakes across three Washington State parks remain below this critical load, suggesting regional variability in N deposition effects. The study combined atmospheric N deposition measurements, lake water quality analysis, and sediment diatom assemblages to assess impacts. While Hoh Lake showed clear signs of N enrichment, Milk Lake exhibited potential climate-driven changes, though further research is needed to confirm this.

Noise Pollution and its Spatial Distribution in Urban Environments (Case Study: Yazd, Iran)

Historic City of Yazd — 2014 — WHE7FB5CCC2FC

A comprehensive analysis of noise pollution in Yazd, Iran, reveals that 99% of residential areas and 56% of the city's total land are exposed to significant sound pressure levels (SPL), primarily driven by vehicular traffic. The study employed a dual monitoring approach: a 122 km grid network with stations spaced 2 km apart for overall assessment, and a denser 1 km interval along main roads for localized measurements. Using ArcGIS, the research generated noise maps that identified critical pollution hotspots, particularly in university, administrative, and commercial zones, as well as the western and eastern parts of the city—largely due to airport and industrial sources. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to mitigate exposure, especially in historic areas like the bazaar, where residential and commercial activities coexist with high pollution levels.

Non-destructive XRF Analyses of Fine-grained Basalts from Eiao, Marquesas Islands

Te Henua Enata – The Marquesas Islands — 2014 — WHE7555D1FB80

A new study reveals that the Marquesan island of Eiao was a significant source of fine-grained basalt, with evidence suggesting extraction from multiple sites across the island. Researchers analyzed 225 basalt specimens using non-destructive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques, identifying two distinct geochemical groups: Group 1, which aligns with previously documented tool-quality basalt, and Group 2, characterized by coarser grain, reddish color, and unique geochemistry. The findings indicate that Group 2 stone was widely utilized on Eiao and distributed at least to Hiva Oa Island, challenging the notion of a single quarry site. This study significantly expands our understanding of basalt distribution and utilization in Central East Polynesia.

Nonvolant small mammals from a southwestern area of Brazilian Cerrado: diversity, habitat use, seasonality, and biogeography

Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks — 2014 — WHE45DF4C35DE

A study of nonvolant small mammals in Emas National Park, a critical but understudied region of the Cerrado biome, revealed 23 species, with the grass mouse Necromys lasiurus being the most abundant. Contrary to prior findings, the rainy season showed higher richness and abundance, likely due to reproductive activity and resource availability. The research found that habitat selectivity is strongly influenced by canopy structure and humidity, with gallery forests and dense savannas being the richest habitats. The faunal composition of this southwestern Cerrado region shows greater similarity to the Amazon biome than previously thought, highlighting endemic and restricted-range species. This study underscores the ecological importance of Emas National Park in preserving unique biodiversity within the Cerrado.

Notes on the diet and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan Leopard Panthera pardus kotiya (Mammalia: Felidae) in the central highlands of Sri Lanka

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka — 2014 — WHE207CF8ACCF

Sri Lankan leopards (Panthera pardus kotiya) exhibit flexible hunting strategies and habitat preferences in the fragmented central highlands, where they target a diverse range of prey—from large species like sambar deer to specialized smaller ones such as porcupines—without relying on domestic animals despite human proximity. Fecal analysis revealed no predation on dogs, suggesting atypical behavior compared to other regions. Leopards favor dense undergrowth and tall grasslands over open forests or pine plantations, likely due to avoidance of human activity. This study highlights the need for landscape-level conservation strategies beyond protected areas, addressing critical knowledge gaps in one of the world's most endangered leopard populations.

Noves dades sobre la distribució i l’estat de conservació de la falguera «Dryopteris filix-mas» (Dryopteridaceae) a les illes Balears

Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana — 2014 — WHE0D289C459F

A rare fern, Dryopteris filix-mas, is critically endangered in the Balearic Islands, with its only known population in Mallorca's Serra de Tramuntana. This study reveals that the species survives in a single location on the island, where it is represented by just one vegetative specimen. Researchers analyzed available data on distribution, demographics, and ecology to assess its conservation status, highlighting factors contributing to its extreme rarity. The findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts to prevent the loss of this threatened species.

Nuevos usos del patrimonio arqueológico de el tajín, a través de los procesos de turistificación, mercantilización y espectacularización

El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City — 2014 — WHE5D6F87B21A

Archaeological heritage sites, including El Tajín in Veracruz, Mexico, are increasingly transformed into administrable resources through processes of touristification, commercialization, and spectacularization. These changes redefine their economic value and local significance while impacting surrounding communities. The study employs ethnographic analysis to reveal how El Tajín's heritage has been repurposed for tourism, highlighting its broader implications on both the site and its inhabitants.

Numerical Modeling of the Structural Behavior of Brunelleschi’s Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore

Historic Centre of Florence — 2014 — WHE97725320B3

Advanced numerical modeling reveals critical insights into the structural behavior of Brunelleschi’s Dome, one of the world's most iconic masonry structures. The study identifies internal stress patterns and cracking mechanisms using a finite element model that replicates nonlinear mechanical behavior, providing a first assessment of its seismic vulnerability. By integrating historical data from 1980s investigations, researchers validate the dome's static and dynamic responses, offering valuable implications for heritage conservation. This approach bridges engineering analysis with preservation efforts, enhancing our understanding of monumental architecture's resilience.

Numerical modeling of uplift and erosion at the Western Caucasus orogen in the Neogene-Quaternary

Western Caucasus — 2014 — WHE22365C66E0

A novel numerical modeling technique successfully replicates the relief and river network configuration of the Western Caucasus orogen during the Neogene-Quaternary period, demonstrating its potential for real-world geological applications. The study's approach combines uplift and erosional processes to simulate landscape evolution, achieving a high degree of correspondence with observed data. This method offers valuable insights into the dynamic interactions between tectonic uplift and erosion in shaping mountain landscapes over geological timescales.

Numerical modelling evaluation for the microclimate of an outdoor urban form in Cairo, Egypt

Historic Cairo — 2014 — WHE81E6103CAE

A numerical model successfully simulates the microclimate of Al-Muizz Street in Cairo's Islamic Quarter, demonstrating that vernacular urban forms and shaded environments enhance pedestrian thermal comfort in hot arid climates. The study validates ENVI-met results with in situ measurements, revealing mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) as a critical factor influencing human energy balance and thermal sensation. This research provides a foundational micro-climatic map, offering a practical tool for urban designers, architects, and policymakers to develop sustainable urban forms that prioritize pedestrian comfort in historic urban settings.

Numerical simulations of tsunamis generated by underwater volcanic explosions at Karymskoye lake (Kamchatka, Russia) and Kolumbo volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Volcanoes of Kamchatka — 2014 — WHE5AB2847637

Underwater volcanic explosions pose significant tsunami risks, as demonstrated by numerical simulations of tsunamis generated at Karymskoye Lake (Kamchatka) and Kolumbo volcano (Aegean Sea). The study validated its model using the well-documented 1996 Karymskoye Lake tsunami, showing realistic reproduction of onshore run-ups. Further analysis revealed that even low-energy explosions at Kolumbo could threaten Santorini's northern, eastern, and southern coasts if the volcano reawakens. The research highlights the need for comprehensive tsunami hazard assessments, particularly in coastal regions with volcanic activity.

Nutrient regimes control phytoplankton ecophysiology in the South Atlantic

Gough and Inaccessible Islands — 2014 — WHEE9B6BBB68F

Research reveals that nutrient regimes, particularly iron (Fe) and nitrate availability, significantly control phytoplankton ecophysiology in the South Atlantic. The study, conducted during a GEOTRACES cruise, identified two dominant phytoplankton regimes: one south of the South Subtropical Convergence (SSTC), characterized by elevated chlorophyll concentrations, larger cell sizes, and low photochemical efficiency due to Fe stress; and another north of the SSTC, marked by high photochemical efficiency and macronutrient limitation. Shipboard experiments confirmed that Fe addition mitigated Fe stress, increasing photochemical efficiency in southern waters. Spatial correlations between Fe:nitrate ratios and phytoplankton ecophysiology further supported the role of nutrient supply ratios in shaping these regimes.

Nutrition and foraging strategies of the black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in Palenque National Park, Mexico

Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque — 2014 — WHE56678BE215

Black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in Palenque National Park, Mexico, do not appear to be energy-limited despite their leaf-heavy diet. Contrary to common assumptions, these primates meet their estimated energy requirements and surpass protein needs, consuming an average of 0.58 MJ of overall energy per metabolic body mass per day and 8.2 g of protein daily. The study, conducted over a 10-month period with two groups (N=16 individuals), combined dietary pattern data, food consumption rates, and published nutritional content to estimate energy and nutrient intake. Surprisingly, resting time was not correlated with diet composition or energy intake, suggesting that the howlers' feeding ecology may be more similar to fruit-eating atelines than previously thought. This challenges long-held assumptions about their behavior and foraging strategies.

Oaxaca

Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán — 2014 — WHECCE9FCB4D7

Oaxaca's distinct geological and linguistic features, shaped by its mountainous terrain and the evolution of Otomanguean language families, define its unique cultural and archaeological significance. The region, home to over half a million Mixtec and Zapotec descendants, exhibits substantial internal diversity across its ethnolinguistic and archaeological regions. Monte Albán, located in the largest valley near Oaxaca's geographic center, served as a Prehispanic focal point, underscoring the region's distinct development within Mesoamerica. This study synthesizes historical observations and archaeological insights to highlight Oaxaca's enduring cultural complexity.

Observations of the natural history and ecology of Nepenthes campanulata

Gunung Mulu National Park — 2014 — WHEE71CD4C67A

A pioneering field survey of Nepenthes campanulata, a rare pitcher plant endemic to limestone cliffs in Borneo, reveals its unique ecological role and expands its known geographical range. The study found that Diptera (flies) dominate the prey in its pitchers, followed by Formicidae (ants), with only three metazoan species inhabiting the pitchers—a remarkably simple community for this genus. The plant's distinctive pitcher structure suggests adaptations to its highly specialized limestone cliff habitat. Previously recorded from just two locations—Mt. Ilas Bungaan in East Kalimantan and Gunung Mulu National Park in Sarawak—the species was unexpectedly observed during a recent expedition in Palawan, indicating a significant extension of its range. This research provides critical insights into the biodiversity and conservation priorities of limestone ecosystems within UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Gunung Mulu National Park.

Occupational injuries among children and adolescents in Cusco Province: a cross-sectional study

City of Cuzco — 2014 — WHE2737717C5B

A significant prevalence of occupational injuries among child laborers (10–17 years old) was identified in Cusco Province, with 3% reporting severe injuries such as fractures or amputations. Falls and car accidents were the most common causes, while high daily income emerged as a risk factor for falls and physical violence at work. Children born in Cusco and those employed in the service sector faced elevated risks of car accident-related injuries. The study, conducted through cross-sectional interviews with 375 public night school students (91.5% response rate), highlights the vulnerability of child workers to severe occupational hazards despite economic gains.

Oceanic Boundary Conditions for Jakobshavn Glacier. Part I: Variability and Renewal of Ilulissat Icefjord Waters, 2001–14

Ilulissat Icefjord — 2014 — WHE500C60732F

Jakobshavn Glacier's retreat in Ilulissat Icefjord, Greenland, is linked to the variability of fjord waters. A 13-year study (2001–2014) found that while summer basin temperatures averaged 2.8°C from 2009 to 2013, excluding a cooler anomaly in 2010, potential densities remained consistent (27.20 ≤ σθ ≤ 27.31 kg m⁻³), matching Disko Bay waters since at least 1980. The 2010 temperature dip was advected from Disko Bay, indicating annual or faster renewal of fjord basin waters. Velocity profiles suggested a renewal timescale of about one month, with subglacial discharge driving circulation, while external baroclinic forcing was ineffective due to the mouth sill. This suggests that oceanic conditions play a critical role in glacier dynamics.