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Publications

Showing 3561 – 3580 of 15962 publications

An urban image in an urbanized landscape: measuring the visual impact of Tibur's amphitheater

Villa Adriana (Tivoli) — 2024 — WHE97BE1DC911

A novel GIS visibility analysis reveals that Tibur's amphitheater, though extramural and infrequently used, significantly amplified the city's urban image from a distance. This monumental structure not only integrated suburban growth into the older urban center but also emphasized the city's status as both an annex of Rome and an autonomous municipium. The study quantifies its visual impact using empirical and qualitative scales adapted from modern assessments, demonstrating how it monumentalized alternative routes frequented by the villa-owning elite, thereby countering the ambiguous civic identity of Tibur.

Analysis of causes of damage to masonry walls in the historic barrack No. B-115 in the former KL Auschwitz II – Birkenau camp

Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) — 2024 — WHEEC9F49E3C4

A detailed analysis of the masonry walls in barrack B-115 at Auschwitz-Birkenau reveals significant structural damage, primarily due to environmental corrosion and mechanical stress. The study identifies critical issues such as wall deformation, detachment, and extensive cracking, particularly in gable walls and connections between lateral and longitudinal walls. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts that balance historical preservation with structural stability. The research employs a methodical approach to document damage types and their causes, guiding repair strategies designed to minimize intervention while ensuring visitor safety and maintaining the barrack's documentary value.

Analysis of Decorative Paintings in the Dragon and Tiger Hall of Yuzhen Palace: Culture, Materials, and Technology

Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains — 2024 — WHE0AEC0AF2C1

Scientific analysis of the decorative paintings in the Dragon and Tiger Hall of Yuzhen Palace, Wudang Mountainsreveals they are among the rare surviving wooden painted structures from the early Ming dynasty (1412 AD). Using advanced techniques like optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy, researchers identified natural mineral pigments (azurite, malachite, vermilion, and hematite) consistent with official Xuanzi paintings of the period. The craftsmanship, applied directly to wood without a ground layer but with a thin tung oil-lime base, mirrors styles found in Taihe Palace's Golden Roof. This study provides critical data for the preservation and restoration of this culturally significant heritage site.

Analysis of Engineering Protection Effectiveness of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Territory Based on Long-term Hydrogeological Monitoring

Kyiv: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra — 2024 — WHE2A9ACC64F2

Long-term hydrogeological monitoring reveals that engineering protection measures, including extensive drainage adit systems (DAS) and radial drainage networks, have significantly mitigated hazardous processes like landslides and flooding at the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Analysis of DAS-28 shows sufficient to high efficiency in groundwater flow rate (q=0.021...0.5 m³/day) and sediment removal (v=0.011...0.2 m³/year), while radial drainage reduced groundwater levels by 0.6–0.9 meters, halting periodic meltwater flooding and lowering moisture content in building structures to safe levels (4-6%). The study, based on data from 1980–1990 and 2006–2023, evaluates protection effectiveness using criteria such as specific flow rate and sediment removal, while also examining lithological composition and technical aspects of the drainage systems.

Analysis of Material Properties of Wallpaper and Blue-dyed Paper Used for Banja Ceiling at Main Hall of Jongmyo Shrine

Jongmyo Shrine — 2024 — WHE85B04141CB

Researchers have identified the use of natural indigo, specifically 'Jjok', as the blue dye on wallpaper and ceiling paper at Jongmyo Shrine's Jeongjeon Hall during the Joseon Dynasty. The study analyzed 24 specimens from four chambers, revealing that the paper was made from bast fiber with consistent physical properties: basis weight of 65.4 g/m², thickness of 0.1523 mm, and density of 0.4428 g/cm³. Additionally, a lotus flower pattern and swastika design were discovered during layer separation. The blue dye was confirmed through UV-Vis spectroscopy and gas chromatography (GC), providing new insights into the material culture and craftsmanship of the period.

Analysis of perceptions before and after world heritage listing using text mining techniques : focused on Namhansanseong Fortress

Namhansanseong — 2024 — WHE5142B02823

UNESCO World Heritage listing significantly alters public perception and utilization of cultural sites, as demonstrated by Namhansanseong Fortress. Before its 2011 designation as a potential World Heritage Site, the fortress was primarily recognized for its historical value and outdoor activities. Post-listing, perceptions shifted toward global recognition and tourism, with 'Nearby Travel' emerging as the dominant topic during the consolidation phase (2017–2022). Text mining analysis of blog data from 2011 to 2022 revealed that policy influences and heritage-related programs shaped keyword prominence, while visualizing topic changes highlighted the transition in public awareness. This study underscores the need for consistent long-term tourism policies and heritage program development to sustain such positive shifts.

Analysis of Pigments Unearthed from the Yungang Grottoes Archaeological Excavations

Yungang Grottoes — 2024 — WHECE008DC7BD

A comprehensive analysis of pigments unearthed from the Yungang Grottoes, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and masterpiece of Buddhist sculpture, reveals distinct pigment compositions across three historical periods: Northern Wei (5th–6th centuries AD), Liao-Jin, and Ming-Qing dynasties. The study identified hematite, vermilion, goethite, malachite, calcium carbonate, lead white, and ivory black in Northern Wei samples, while Liao-Jin samples contained primarily hematite. Ming-Qing pigments included vermilion, minium, atacamite, lead white, and Prussian blue. Using advanced techniques such as portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and confocal Raman microscopy, researchers provided unprecedented insights into the material culture of these grottoes, shedding light on their artistic evolution over centuries.

Analysis of Regional Social–Economic Spatial Pattern and Evolution along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal

The Grand Canal — 2024 — WHE6B4BAA7534

A decade-long analysis of socio-economic development along the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal reveals fragmented growth patterns, with limited economic agglomeration despite high regional development levels. The study employed a multi-dimensional index—spanning economic growth, livelihood benefits, green ecology, innovation, and food security—to assess disparities using entropy weight, Moran, and Theil indices. While overall social-economic agglomeration increased from 2011 to 2021, cities exhibited distinct developmental trajectories, suggesting opportunities for inter-city learning to foster coordinated progress in this UNESCO-listed cultural corridor.

Analysis of stream types in Klamath Network parks based on physical habitat and chemical characters

Redwood National and State Parks — 2024 — WHEDA95DF58D6

A comprehensive analysis of stream types across five Klamath Network parks, including Redwood National and State Parks, reveals distinct groupings based on physical habitat and chemical characteristics. Using multivariate exploratory analyses and Similarity Profile methods, streams were categorized into eight metric categories such as channel morphology, habitat complexity, large woody debris, riparian characters, slope and sinuosity, stream substrate, water chemistry, and water quality. The study identified statistically significant similarities among streams within and across parks, suggesting shared stressors and management practices. This foundational work paves the way for future analyses incorporating biological data to support trend reports.

Analysis of The Architecture and Decoration of Isfahan Masjid-E Jameh in Syntactic Dimension

Masjed-e Jāmé of Isfahan — 2024 — WHE96D0C6134F

A groundbreaking analysis reveals the syntactic dimensions of architectural and decorative elements in Isfahan's Masjid-e Jameh, a 11th-century masterpiece from the Great Seljuk period. This study deciphers how semantic expressivity is encoded in its design, offering insights applicable to religious architecture and beyond. Employing on-site visual observation, photography, and basic design principles, researchers uncovered ornamental motifs and structural features that have stood the test of centuries. The findings bridge historical architecture with modern design principles, suggesting potential applications in clothing, furniture, and decorative arts.

Analysis of the Evolution Pattern and Regional Conservation of Cultural Heritage from the Perspective of Urban Sustainable Transformation: The Case of Xiamen, China

Kulangsu, a Historic International Settlement — 2024 — WHEC8A4C023CA

Xiamen's cultural heritage, primarily constructed between 1840 and 1949, exhibits a distinct 'north-south' directional trend with clustering patterns concentrated in Gulangyu and Xiagang areas of Siming District. This spatial correlation reveals a 'strong first, then weak' clustering trend over time. Using ArcGIS spatial analysis, the study optimizes urban planning for heritage protection and tourism routes by analyzing these spatiotemporal distributions.

Analysis of the purpose behind urban planning in accordance with the shifts in the centrality of Hanyang during the early Joseon dynasty

Jongmyo Shrine — 2024 — WHEF8E22EBB2E

Urban planning in Hanyang, the capital of the early Joseon Dynasty, evolved dynamically in response to shifting priorities and geographical constraints. Initially designed according to Confucian and feng shui principles, with symbolic centers like Gyeongbokgung Palace, Jongmyo Shrine, and Sajik Altar adhering to classical Chinese models, the city's structure later adapted to practical needs. A key finding is that Hanyang’s centrality shifted from internal facilities and roads to external territorial expansion, leading to disconnections between the core and boundaries. Adjustments, including gate relocations and the construction of the Fortress Wall, reinforced internal cohesion. The Jongru Bell Tower, initially positioned for visual centrality, was later relocated to a major intersection to emphasize transportation hubs, marking a shift toward functional urban planning. This study reveals how Hanyang’s development balanced symbolic significance with pragmatic considerations, offering insights into the interplay between ideology and practical urban design in historical East Asian cities.

Analysis of the Spatial Axis of Italian Renaissance Garden—Taking Villa Lante and Villa d'Este as Examples

Villa d'Este, Tivoli — 2024 — WHEB761A46971

Italian Renaissance garden axes, exemplified by Villa Lante and Villa d'Este, demonstrate an evolution from simplicity to complexity in spatial structure, integrating aesthetic principles of order, symmetry, and balance with environmental context. These designs serve as a foundational 'toolbox' for modern landscape architects, illustrating how historical prototypes can be adapted to explore diverse spatial design possibilities. The study reveals the intricate organization of garden elements along these axes, highlighting their enduring influence on contemporary landscape design practices.

Analysis of Tourism Sustainability in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2024 — WHEE8DA11125D

Tourism sustainability in the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil, is found to be a mixed scenario—ranging from sustainable to unsustainable practices—with critical vulnerabilities tied to rising population and high tourist inflows. This assessment, derived from the Tourism Sustainable Indicators System (TSIS), highlights the archipelago's delicate balance between environmental protection and tourism growth, particularly concerning its sensitive ecosystems and rich biodiversity. The study emphasizes the need for robust resource management in the two protected areas of Noronha to mitigate negative impacts. Conducted through semi-structured surveys, interviews with public authorities, civil society, and private sector agents, the research provides a nuanced understanding of the archipelago's sustainability dimensions—environmental, cultural, social, economic, touristic, and institutional. Its findings carry both local and global significance, offering insights for sustainable planning in isolated island contexts like Noronha.

Analysis of vertical differentiation of vegetation in Taishan World Heritage site based on cloud model

Mount Taishan — 2024 — WHEC347FBD3FB

Mount Taishan's man-made forests exhibit distinct vertical differentiation, with deciduous broad-leaved, temperate coniferous, and mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests showing unique elevation patterns. The study reveals that the core zone of mixed coniferous-broadleaved forests has a narrower height variation range (53.74 m) compared to deciduous broad-leaved (99.63 m) and temperate coniferous forests (121.70 m). Additionally, the fuzziness and randomness in the distribution height of lower extension zones are greater than those in upper extension zones for both deciduous broad-leaved and temperate coniferous forests. The findings also suggest a trend where deciduous broad-leaved tree species may encroach upon coniferous forest habitats. This research employs cloud model analysis, combining digital elevation models (DEM) with vegetation data to quantify uncertainty in vertical distribution, offering a novel method for detailed ecological studies.

Analyzing Drivers of Tropical Moist Forest Dynamics in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park Landscape, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo from 1990 to 2022

Kahuzi-Biega National Park — 2024 — WHE30C52C046C

Kahuzi-Biega National Park (KBNP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo has effectively mitigated tropical moist forest (TMF) loss, maintaining near-complete forest cover (~100%) in its inner zone from 1990 to 2022. However, edge and outer zones saw significant deforestation (~30% loss), driven primarily by fire, which accounted for 55%, 30%, and 23% of TMF dynamics in these areas, respectively. The study used multi-scale analysis, regression modeling, and bootstrapping to assess drivers, finding that grid size had no significant impact on forest dynamics (p-value = 0.67). These findings highlight the need for stronger protection measures around KBNP’s periphery, including buffer zones, to address peripheral degradation while sustaining its role as a critical carbon reservoir and biodiversity hotspot.

Analyzing Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Mountain Tourism Areas: A Case Study of the Core and Buffer Zones of Sagarmatha and Khaptad National Parks, Nepal

Sagarmatha National Park — 2024 — WHE4F5136FB7C

From 1989 to 2021, Sagarmatha National Park (SNP) experienced significant land use/land cover (LULC) changes, with notable decreases in snow/glacier and forest cover by 140.25 km² and 15.36 km², respectively, while grassland, shrubland, glacial lakes, agriculture, and water bodies expanded. Khaptad National Park (KNP) saw similar trends, with forest loss of 19.33 km² in its buffer zone—higher than SNP's—and an increase in built-up areas, indicating rising tourist activities. Climate data revealed contrasting precipitation and temperature patterns between the parks. Projections under a business-as-usual scenario forecast further forest loss (1.61 km² in SNP by 2032) and a sharp decline in snow/glaciers (22.84 km² in SNP's core zone by 2032). The study highlights the need for adaptive park management policies to address these environmental changes.

Analyzing the Architectural Features of the Fortresses on the Western and Southern Boundary of Kerman’s Lut Desert

Lut Desert — 2024 — WHEF8B69F0233

Fortresses along the western and southern edges of Kerman’s Lut Desert exhibit distinct architectural adaptations that reflect both defensive strategies and environmental resilience. These structures, analyzed for their fortification techniques, spatial organization, and material use, demonstrate sophisticated responses to the region's arid conditions while maintaining strategic military functionality. The study highlights how these fortresses integrated natural terrain into their defensive layouts, utilizing elevation and terrain features to enhance security without compromising habitability. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of pre-modern architectural ingenuity in extreme environments, particularly within UNESCO-recognized desert landscapes.

Analyzing the Construction of Local Cultural and Tourism Propaganda Image Based on Framework Theory ——Take Mount Huangshan Cultural Tourism as an Example

Mount Huangshan — 2024 — WHEEB92FE2BCD

A comprehensive analysis of Mount Huangshan's cultural and tourism propaganda reveals the critical role of strategic publicity in shaping its global image. By leveraging framework theory, content analysis, text analysis, and control experiments, researchers identified key pathways that enhance the site's promotional effectiveness. The study highlights how targeted efforts in online media can significantly influence audience perception and engagement, offering actionable insights for other UNESCO World Heritage Sites aiming to strengthen their cultural tourism presence.

Anatolian Bronze Age cities

Archaeological Site of Troy — 2024 — WHE42EFA4DA32

Anatolian Bronze Age cities, particularly Troy and Hattusa, reveal distinct layers of historical significance. Troy, renowned for its association with the Trojan War, showcases two major periods—Troy II and VI—raising questions about the war's historicity. Archaeological excavations since 1870 have uncovered well-preserved structures, including city walls, gates, and religious buildings, providing tangible evidence of its past. Hattusa, the capital of the Hittites, an Indo-European society, offers insights into their advanced script and urban planning, with notable sites like the Great Temple and Yazılıkaya shrine. The study combines archaeological findings with historical analysis to shed light on these ancient civilizations' complexities.