Publications
Evaluation of mechanical properties and durability of nanolime synthesized by an anion-exchange method for the consolidation of Dazu Rock Carvings
Nanolime synthesized via anion-exchange method significantly enhances the mechanical resistance of weathered sandstone at Dazu Rock Carvings while preserving its visual and hydro-physical properties. The treatment increased uniaxial compressive strength by approximately 26%, with negligible changes in color, porosity, or permeability. Accelerated aging tests demonstrated superior durability compared to traditional lime water treatments, retaining higher hardness and elastic modulus. Field monitoring showed rapid recovery of surface hardness within 24 hours, followed by continued strengthening over 100 days. The study highlights the potential of anion-exchange-derived nanolime as a mineral-compatible consolidation treatment for weathered sandstone, though further long-term field studies are needed to assess its durability and service-life performance.
From stone to spirit: cultural sustainability, ritual practice, and digital preservation of the Dazu Rock Carvings in Chinese heritage
Dazu Rock Carvings showcase a unique evolution of religious artistry and cultural continuity from the Late Tang to Southern Song periods. The study identifies five key typologies—monumental narrative reliefs, votive niches, lay feast shrines, protective deity niches, and hybrid forms—that reveal shifts in religious expression, political context, and community engagement. Through iconographic and spatial analysis, the research demonstrates how visual culture served as a tool for moral instruction, social cohesion, and identity construction. Additionally, it highlights the role of contemporary digital technologies, such as 3D scanning and virtual preservation, in safeguarding this living heritage for future generations.
Re-carving meanings: negotiating social value and conservation in southwest China’s rock carvings
Heritage conservation of China’s rock carvings, such as the Thousand-Hand Guanyin at Dazu and grassroots repainting efforts at Anyue, actively reshapes social values tied to these sites. The study reveals that conservation practices—whether state-led or community-driven—are not neutral but dynamically redefine cultural meanings, blending religious devotion, aesthetic judgment, and institutional intervention. By analyzing fieldwork data, policy frameworks, and heritage theory, the research demonstrates how carved stone monuments retain 'living' significance, reflecting ongoing contestations over their ontological status and role in contemporary heritage regimes.
Research on Similarity Matching of Dazu Rock Carvings in China Based on a Trimodal Fusion of pHash, SIFT, and MSRoVGG
A novel quantitative model for assessing the similarity of cultural relics, such as China's Dazu Rock Carvings from the Song Dynasty, achieves 100% recognition accuracy for identical statue types within the same niche while effectively distinguishing between different iconographic types. This breakthrough addresses the limitations of traditional qualitative expert assessments by integrating a trimodal feature fusion approach: Perceptual Hash (pHash) for global structural screening, SIFT for high-dimensional texture feature extraction and local keypoint matching, and an improved MSRoVGG deep learning architecture for semantic-level verification. The model demonstrates robust capabilities in typological classification and stylistic differentiation, capturing nuanced variations in artistic styles and vestimentary features between Buddhist and secular figures.
The Secularization of Ancient Chinese Religion: A Case Study of the Dazu Rock Carvings
The Dazu Rock Carvings, flourishing during the Northern and Southern Song dynasties, represent a significant shift toward secularization in ancient Chinese religious art. These carvings, situated in Chongqing, integrate Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist themes while reflecting local customs and social life, marking them as distinct in Chinese cave temple art. Through documentary analysis, iconographic methods, and fieldwork, the study examines the visual features of Bodhisattva images and narrative scenes, identifying key factors driving this secular transformation. The findings suggest a path of secularization and indigenization shaped by the interaction between foreign cultural elements and local traditions, offering new perspectives for contemporary artistic practice.
A cross-cultural comparative study of Buddhist monumental art: the Borobudur Temple Complex (Indonesia) and the Dazu Rock Carvings (China)
A cross-cultural comparative analysis of Buddhist monumental art reveals that material and technical constraints critically shape sculptural form, viewing geometry, and ritual use. The study contrasts the Borobudur Temple Complex (Indonesia) with the Dazu Rock Carvings (China), demonstrating how volcanic andesite and prescribed circumambulatory routes in Borobudur favor shallow, sequential narrative modeling for didactic pilgrimage, while sandstone reliefs and near-full-round modeling in Dazu enable deeper undercutting, chiaroscuro effects, and syncretic iconography blending Buddhist, Daoist, and Confucian elements. These differences highlight the impact of material properties on artistic expression and ritual function, advocating for context-sensitive conservation approaches. The findings advance comparative understandings of Mahayana sculptural practice.
A Novel Optimization Approach for Revolutionizing Architectural Design in Chinese Cultural Heritage
A novel approach combining machine learning and augmented reality (AR) significantly enhances the accuracy of defect identification in Chinese cultural heritage architecture, achieving an F1 score of 95.47% and an accuracy of 93.29%. The study leverages an Ensemble Ant Colony Fused Convolutional Capsule Neural Network (EAC-CCNN) to analyze high-resolution images of structures like the Dazu Rock Carvings, Nanchan Temple, and Foguang Temple. By integrating this model with Building Information Modeling (BIM), researchers developed a safety management system that improves defect detection, promotes collaboration, and aids in the preservation of cultural heritage assets. The approach demonstrates potential for training machine learning models to recognize patterns, correct errors, and make informed predictions under varying conditions.
Deformation mechanisms of Dazu Rock Carvings ceiling based on negative Poisson’s ratio anchor support
Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) anchors effectively stabilize the ceiling of Yuanjue Cave, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Chongqing, by limiting settlement to under 0.3 mm and mitigating deformation caused by intersecting cracks (C1, C2, C3). The study reveals that NPR supports are particularly effective at crack intersections and cave entrances, where structural unloading and interlayer cracks facilitate water infiltration. While the north rock mass exhibited cantilevered settlement along C1, NPR anchors successfully counteracted rainfall-induced deformation. This research provides a technical foundation for preserving stone cultural relics, demonstrating that NPR anchoring can significantly enhance stability in weathered heritage sites.
From Ancient Techniques to Modern Solutions: In Situ Synthesis of C‐S‐H for Sandstone Conservation
A breakthrough in heritage conservation has been achieved with the development of a C-S-H-based grouting material, inspired by ancient Roman techniques. This innovative solution effectively addresses water-induced erosive damage in sandstone, particularly in the Beishan Grottoes of the Dazu Rock Carvings. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that hydrogen bonding at the interface between C-S-H mortar and sandstone is crucial for adhesion. The study systematically optimized the mechanical properties and pore structure of C-S-H-based mortars by varying calcium-to-silica (C/S) ratio, water-to-binder ratio, binder/aggregate ratio, and polycarboxylate superplasticizer content. Optimal performance was found with a C/S ratio of 0.8, water/binder ratio of 2.0, binder/aggregate ratio of 1:3, and 4 wt% superplasticizer. Laboratory experiments confirmed the excellent compatibility of this material with sandstone, offering a promising solution for the conservation of the Beishan Grottoes.
Petrophysical and mechanical characterization of sandstones from different grottoes in China
A key finding from this study is that the mechanical strength of sandstones in Chinese heritage sites, such as grottoes and rock carvings, is strongly influenced by their pore structure, density, and cementation. Research shows that unimodal pore distributions—where pores are more uniformly sized—correlate with greater sandstone strength compared to multimodal distributions. The study analyzed four significant sites: Yungang Grottoes (YG), Tianlongshan Grottoes (TLS), Leshan Giant Buddha (LS), and Dazu Rock Carvings (DZ) using advanced techniques like ICP-OES, XRD, SEM, MIP, petrography, and mechanical testing. Petrographic analysis revealed that grain contact and cementation are critical in determining sandstone stability. Among the evaluated indices, the GVCM index proved particularly reliable for predicting sandstone strength, offering valuable insights for conservation efforts at these culturally significant sites.
Shuilu Rites and the Baodingshan Rock Carvings of Dazu
The rock carvings at Baodingshan, Dazu, represent a significant advancement in Chinese Buddhist rock art and were likely designed as a ritual space for shuilu ceremonies, which involve the deliverance of creatures. This study proposes that the site's layout and carvings, including the Yuwen Qi verse and shared compositional characters, align with the historical practice of shuilu rites during the Song dynasty. By analyzing these elements alongside the gāthā (jie) of jiashi re tielun, the research offers a new framework for understanding Buddhist rituals in medieval China. This approach opens a novel avenue for studying ritualistic practices through rock carvings at UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Stability study of complex caves: a case study of Yuanjue Cave in the Dazu Rock Carvings
Researchers have identified critical factors influencing the stability of Yuanjue Cave, part of the Dazu Rock Carvings. The study reveals that cavity depth triggers roof deformation and failure, while strip stone breakage is the primary controlling factor. The cave's roof exhibits a combined bending and torsion deformation mode, with the most vulnerable area located at the left front of its entrance. Current observations place the cave in an accelerated mid-term stability change stage. This analysis provides a model for assessing similarly complex caves, offering insights into their structural integrity and preservation needs.
Study on deformation mechanism and reinforcement measures of flat‐top grotto roof
Extreme rainfall exacerbates fissure propagation and structural instability in grotto roofs, as demonstrated by a study on the Dazu Rock Carvings. The research reveals that rainfall-induced water pressure and humidity increase tensile stress on roof plates, accelerating deformation caused by surrounding rock settlement and tensile-shear failure. A cavity on the southern side further destabilizes the structure, with rainfall intensifying sidewall instability near this feature. To address these challenges, a reinforcement strategy leverages the bearing capacity of overlying rock layers to support the roof while minimizing interference with internal sculptures. The study combines Rayleigh wave imaging, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and multi-dimensional on-site monitoring to clarify damage evolution and guide targeted conservation measures.
Geophysical Detection of Fractured Rock Mass in Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China
A novel Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) detection method, constrained by logging data, significantly enhances the accuracy of fissure detection in rock masses at the Dazu Rock Carvings, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Chongqing, China. This approach mitigates the challenges of multiplicity and false anomalies inherent in conventional GPR methods, providing a more reliable tool for assessing fractured rock conditions. By integrating borehole televiewer data and electromagnetic wave velocity calibration with stratigraphic interfaces, researchers validated and supplemented preliminary GPR interpretation profiles, offering a robust technical solution for the preservation and restoration of grotto relics.
Hyperspectral estimation method for deterioration of rock carvings in the humid regions of southern China
A novel hyperspectral method reveals that biological colonization and surface morphological changes are the most prevalent and severe deterioration patterns affecting rock carvings at the Dazu Rock Carvings site, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southern China. The study combines mineralogical analysis with spectral indices and an intelligent model (WOA-XGBoost) to quantitatively assess deterioration patterns influenced by environmental factors like temperature and humidity. By identifying optimal wavelength combinations and correcting for dynamic spectral responses, researchers achieved precise classification of deterioration types, providing a systematic framework for cultural heritage management. This approach offers a data-driven solution for monitoring and prioritizing conservation efforts in humid regions.
Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar with the Logging Data Constraint in the Detection of Fractured Rock Mass in Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) with logging data constraint significantly enhances the accuracy of detecting rock mass fissures in grottoes, addressing limitations of conventional GPR methods. By integrating borehole televiewer and logging data, researchers calibrated electromagnetic wave velocity, enabling precise depth calculations for anomalies in GPR profiles. This approach reduced false positives caused by interference, providing reliable location information for fissures, fracture zones, and weak interlayers in the Baodingshan Scenic Area of Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China. The study demonstrates that combining GPR with logging data mitigates uncertainty in geologic interpretations, offering a novel technical solution for the preservation and restoration of grotto relics.
Determination of Peach Gum in Ancient Chinese Paintings by Biotin–Streptavidin-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
A groundbreaking analysis of ancient Chinese paintings, including those at the Dazu Rock Carvings and the Forbidden City, reveals diverse binder materials with high sensitivity. Peach gum, a widely used exudate gum in ancient China, was detected alongside collagen, ovalbumin, casein, and lacquer using a biotin–streptavidin-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BA-ELISA). This method demonstrated exceptional specificity for identifying peach gum, a key finding that underscores its prevalence in historical artworks. The study highlights the efficiency of ELISA in analyzing binders, providing valuable insights into the composition and conservation of ancient paintings.
Knowledge graph representation method for semantic 3D modeling of Chinese grottoes
A novel knowledge graph representation method has been developed to enhance the semantic 3D modeling of Chinese grottoes, addressing gaps in domain knowledge and understanding. This approach integrates a domain ontology named ChgOnto, which precisely defines components, elements, properties, and spatial relationships within grottoes, while reusing established ontologies like CIDOC CRM and GeoSPARQL for broader applicability. The method extracts knowledge from unstructured text using natural language processing tools to instantiate abstract classes and fill properties in a structured data layer. Validated through the case study of Dazu Rock Carvings, a UNESCO World Heritage site, this approach demonstrates robust scalability and effectiveness as a knowledge-sharing platform for semantic 3D modeling, offering potential applications beyond Chinese grottoes.
Niches and Sculptures of the Imaginary Realm—Revisiting the Fowan Rock Carvings, Beishan, Dazu
A new analysis of the Fowan Cliff Carvings, part of the UNESCO-listed Dazu Grottoes, reveals that niche inscriptions provide critical insights into the cultural and historical context of these Late Tang to Southern Song-era sculptures. By examining lay feasting activities in relation to period background, researchers have identified shared inclinations and connections between niches, offering a holistic understanding of their design, content changes, and thematic choices. This approach restores a sense of situatedness across different eras at Fowan, bridging gaps between typological, iconographic, and archaeological studies.
Super-Resolution Detection of Millimeter-Scale Fractures With Fluid Flow Using Time-Lapse Full-Polarimetric GPR and Anisotropy Analysis
A new methodology for detecting millimeter-scale fractures with fluid flow, which can damage rock carving relics, has been developed using time-lapse full-polarimetric ground penetrating radar (FP-GPR) and anisotropy analysis. The approach leverages the rapid variation of water content in fracture seepage zones to quantify anisotropic effects over time through techniques such as Freeman decomposition, H-Alpha decomposition, and polarimetric phase (PP) feature analysis. Numerical tests using hydrological modeling confirmed that variations in water content and polarimetric features are consistent with anisotropy in the seepage zone. Field tests at the Dazu Rock Carvings in Chongqing, China, demonstrated the effectiveness of this methodology for both surface and buried fractures.
The simulation of groundwater flow in fractured medium of Dazu Rock Carvings with a DFN model
A numerical simulation of groundwater flow in the fractured medium of Dazu Rock Carvings reveals distinct hydraulic behaviors in structural fractures and weak intercalations. Using DFNworks software, researchers analyzed caves 176, 177, and 180 in Beishan, identifying that structural fractures exhibit significantly higher hydraulic head and velocity compared to weak intercalations. Under steady seepage conditions, the flow rates were measured at 1.74×10⁻² m³/s for cave 176, 2.3×10⁻² m³/s for cave 177, and 0.71×10⁻² m³/s for cave 180. This study provides critical insights into the hydrogeological conditions affecting the site's water seepage diseases, which were classified based on occurrence frequency, location, and preservation status.
Visualizing water seepage dynamics in grotto relics via atom-based representative model
Water seepage in grotto relics, such as the Dazu Rock Carvings and Yungang Grottoes, follows complex dynamics that significantly impact deterioration processes. A groundbreaking study reveals three distinct seepage behaviors: slow infiltration through micro-channels, faster flow through fractures, and hazardous pipe-like movement in interconnected fracture networks. Researchers used finite element simulations to model macro-scale water flow and molecular dynamics to visualize micro-scale behavior, deriving an atom-based representative model from X-ray diffraction data. The study identified key metrics like water flux (270 ns−1) and mass flow rate (8.10 × 10–12 g s−1), while tracking tagged oxygen atoms' zigzag motion through the rock structure. These findings offer critical insights for understanding and mitigating water damage in fragile cultural heritage sites.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Surface Decoration Layer of Buddha Statues from Dazu Rock Carvings in China
A comprehensive analysis of the surface decoration layers of Buddha statues from the Dazu Rock Carvings reveals the use of gypsum in preparation layers and lacquer sap (urushiol) in painted layers, alongside heat-bodied tung oil and benzoin resin. The study also identified mineral pigments such as cinnabar, lead red, orpiment, litharge, and carbon, with a notable gold foil layer on the Thousand Hand Guanyin sample containing 96.70% gold. This research provides critical insights for the preservation of cultural relics in grottoes, utilizing advanced techniques like digital microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and pyrolysis—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Experimental study on capillary water absorption of sandstones from different grotto heritage sites in China
Sandstone grottoes, renowned for their historic and artistic significance, are vulnerable to deterioration caused by capillary water absorption. A study comparing three prominent Chinese sites—Yungang Grottoes (YG), Dazu Rock Carvings (DZ), and Leshan Grand Buddha (LS)—revealed distinct water uptake behaviors linked to microstructural differences. Leshan sandstone exhibited the highest absorption kinetics, while Dazu showed the lowest, with pore size distribution and heterogeneity playing critical roles. Infrared thermography emerged as a non-destructive tool for detecting moisture transitions invisible to the naked eye. These findings highlight the importance of understanding capillary water interactions in preserving these irreplaceable cultural heritage sites.
Gender recognition of Guanyin in China based on VGGNet
Research reveals that the gender transformation of Guanyin (Avalokitesvara) in China is more influenced by geographical factors than temporal ones, challenging traditional historical narratives. Using VGGNet, a deep convolutional network, the study objectively quantified gender characteristics in Buddhist images from Dazu Rock Carvings, Dunhuang Mogao Caves, and Yungang Grottoes. Findings indicate that Guanyin's gender was regionally consistent rather than evolving uniformly over time, with prominent male traits in Dunhuang frescoes and feminine features in earlier Yungang carvings. The study also highlights the importance of culturally appropriate training datasets for accurate gender recognition, demonstrating that Indian facial data is less effective for Chinese Buddhist imagery due to sinicization.
Numerical Modeling and Stability Analysis of Surrounding Rock of Yuanjue Cave
A critical instability risk has been identified in the South Cliff of Big Buddha Bay, home to Yuanjue Cave—a culturally significant grotto within China's Dazu Rock Carvings. Numerical modeling using FLAC3D software revealed that the western section above a mudstone interlayer is the primary deformation zone, with displacement increasing east-to-west and an independent block showing potential for collapse. Stress concentrations were also found at the cave entrance, the Zhengjue Buddha statue's chest, and beneath erosion-reinforcement areas, particularly under the statue, where stress is most severe. These findings stem from a combination of 3D geological modeling, fissure analysis, indoor tests, and monitoring data comparison, offering actionable insights for stability assessment and preservation efforts.
Salt weathering of sandstone under dehydration and moisture absorption cycles: An experimental study on the sandstone from Dazu rock carvings
Salt weathering significantly accelerates the deterioration of sandstone, particularly when sodium sulfate undergoes phase transitions between thenardite and mirabilite during dehydration and moisture absorption cycles. Laboratory experiments on sandstone from Dazu Rock Carvings (DRC) in China revealed that high salt concentrations (2.4 mol/L) lead to severe disintegration, while moderate levels (1.5 mol/L) cause flaking and surface salt accumulation. Damage is more pronounced under dehydration conditions, where thenardite formation exerts greater stress than mirabilite during moisture absorption. Salt migration and clay mineral distribution further influence deterioration patterns, mirroring natural weathering observed in the field. Critically, no damage occurs when salt content remains below 0.67%, offering a threshold for conservation strategies. These findings provide actionable insights for preserving DRC.
Stability Monitoring and Deformation Laws of the Yuanjue Cave in the Influence Zone of the Unloading Zone
A novel stability monitoring method for cliff-carved cultural heritage sites, such as the Yuanjue Cave within the Dazu Rock Carvings UNESCO World Heritage Site, demonstrates high precision and adaptability to confined spaces. This approach integrates protection and monitoring systems, enabling real-time tracking of critical factors like fracture displacement, roof subsidence, denudation rates, and pressure. By analyzing multisource data, researchers uncovered deformation laws in the surrounding rock mass, providing actionable insights for preserving such vulnerable sites. The modular design of this method offers a scalable solution for similar geological unloading zones, setting a precedent for proactive conservation strategies.
Degradation of emerald green: scientific studies on multi-polychrome Vairocana Statue in Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China
Scientists have identified lavendulan and mimetite as degradation products of emerald green and cerussite pigments in the multi-polychrome Vairocana Statue at Dazu Rock Carvings. These secondary compounds form through complex chemical processes involving arsenic oxidation, ion migration, and precipitation under high humidity and soluble salt conditions. The study employed optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and pigment layer analysis to reveal that the statue's paintings were executed at least four times, with the most recent likely occurring after 1850s. This discovery highlights the significance of emerald green degradation in heritage conservation and provides insights into the characterization of copper-arsenic pigments under challenging environmental conditions.
Degradation of Emerald Green: Scientific Studies on Multi-polychrome Vairocana Statue in Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China
Researchers have identified the degradation products of emerald green and cerussite, two historically used pigments, in the multi-polychrome Vairocana Statue at Dazu Rock Carvings. The study reveals that lavendulan (NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O) and mimetite (Pb5(AsO4)3Cl) form through complex chemical processes involving the degradation of emerald green (Cu(C2H3O2)2·3Cu(AsO2)2) and cerussite (PbCO3), oxidation of arsenite, migration of arsenate, and precipitation reactions influenced by environmental conditions. The analysis of paint cross-sections using optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM–EDS, and mapping also indicates that the statue's paintings were executed at least four times, with the most recent layer possibly dating to after 1850s. This finding highlights the importance of understanding pigment degradation in complex environments for heritage conservation.
Stability Evaluation of Deformation (Denudation) of Yuanjue Rock Cave Roof Based on Multisource Monitoring
A novel multisource monitoring system, integrating IoT technology and microsensing hardware, successfully revealed the deformation and denudation patterns of Yuanjue Rock Cave's sandstone roof at Dazu Rock Carvings. This research introduced a new approach for evaluating roof stability in cultural heritage sites by optimizing monitoring point layouts and analyzing complex environmental, geological, and human-induced forces. Over six months of continuous data collection, the system provided critical insights into the structural behavior of the grotto rock mass, offering technical support for the preservation of similar UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Three‐Dimensional Numerical Modeling and Roof Deformation Analysis of Yuanjue Cave Based on Point Cloud Data
A high-precision three-dimensional numerical model of Yuanjue Cave, a core site within the Dazu Stone Carvings World Heritage Site, reveals critical deformation patterns under static loads that threaten its structural stability. The study leverages advanced laser point cloud scanning, geophysical prospecting, and indoor testing to construct an accurate digital twin of the cave's geometry, geology, and physical properties. By simulating roof behavior using FLAC3D finite difference analysis, researchers validated the model against on-site measurements, demonstrating its reliability for predictive conservation efforts. This approach provides essential parameters for proactive measures to prevent collapse, safeguarding this irreplaceable cultural treasure from irreversible damage.
Virtual Inpainting for Dazu Rock Carvings Based on a Sample Dataset
A novel semi-automatic exemplar-based inpainting framework leverages a sample dataset to effectively restore severely damaged art images, such as the Dazu Rock Carvings, where minimal prior information is available. The approach extends the search space for candidate patches beyond the known region of the original image, addressing challenges in traditional inpainting methods. By integrating deep convolutional networks for reference image selection and melding algorithms for sample image creation, this method reduces complexity while avoiding duplication issues in art restoration. Poisson blending further enhances visual harmony between reconstructed fragments and existing regions. Applied to Buddhist face images from Dazu, the framework demonstrates its potential as a reference for both actual artificial inpainting and virtual reality presentations.
Study on Mechanism of Water Condensation and Field Experiments of Thousand-Hand Guanyin in Dazu Rock Carvings
A critical mechanism driving water condensation on the Thousand-Hand Guanyin sculpture at Dazu Rock Carvings has been identified, offering new insights into the degradation processes threatening this UNESCO World Heritage Site. Through a combination of field experiments and surveys, researchers from institutions including the Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage and Tsinghua University analyzed data to propose targeted preservation measures. The study highlights how moisture accumulation accelerates damage, providing actionable strategies for cultural heritage conservation in similar environments.
Risk Assessment of Disease of Niches’ Eaves in the Dazu Rock Carvings based on GIS
A quantitative risk assessment of disease affecting the eaves of niches in the Dazu Rock Carvings reveals critical vulnerabilities that threaten their preservation. By integrating geographic information system (GIS) technology with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), researchers identified key factors contributing to disease risk and assigned them weights. Spatial analysis and an integrated assessment model then mapped these risks, enabling targeted conservation strategies. This approach offers a data-driven method for prioritizing interventions in heritage site management, balancing scientific rigor with practical application.
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