World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 84

Future climate risks to world cultural heritage sites in Spain: A systematic analysis based on shared socioeconomic pathways

Archaeological Site of Atapuerca — 2024 — WHE829CE5803A

Spain's UNESCO World Heritage Sites (WCHS) face significantly heightened climate risks by 2100, particularly under the high-emission SSP5-8.5 scenario, with three sites at risk of submergence due to sea level rise and extreme warming exceeding global averages. The study, using CMIP6 climate models, identifies critical threats including fire hazards (affecting eight WCHS, notably Atapuerca and Medina Azahara), hydrodynamic scouring, corrosion, biodegradation, and drought. While risks remain stable under the SSP1-2.6 scenario, they escalate dramatically under SSP5-8.5, emphasizing the need for carbon neutrality to mitigate impacts. The research combines historical fire risk data with future climate projections to prioritize protection measures for vulnerable sites.

Gamification Design for Temple Tourism Application

Prambanan Temple Compounds — 2024 — WHE6320700603

A gamification-enhanced mobile application for Prambanan Temple Compound and Ratu Boko Site Temples demonstrates strong potential to enrich visitor experiences, with 84.8% of respondents expressing agreement or strong agreement with its design. The study introduces five key gamification elements—points, levels, challenges, rewards, and feedback—to engage tourists beyond traditional artifact observation, fostering deeper exploration of historical contexts. This approach leverages interactive features to elevate the educational and immersive value of temple tourism, offering a scalable model for heritage site engagement in Indonesia.

Gap analysis of Firmiana danxiaensis, a rare tree species endemic to southern China

China Danxia — 2024 — WHE1F706A0613

A gap analysis reveals that over 78% of the potential habitat for Firmiana danxiaensis, a rare tree species endemic to southern China's Mount Danxia, lacks conservation protection. Using Biomod2 and Maxent models, researchers estimated its habitat at 6,255.28 km² and 4,114.19 km² respectively, with key climatic preferences including high temperature seasonality (6000–7000) and warmest-month maxima of 36–37°C. Alarming anthropogenic disturbances affect over 40% of its habitat, particularly in unprotected areas like Yingde and Shixing. The study urges adjustments to existing reserves and expansion of protected zones to safeguard this vulnerable species.

Garden and River in the Land between Two Rivers

Samarra Archaeological City — 2024 — WHE3F7477266B

A strategic alignment of palace gardens along the Tigris River in Samarra, Mesopotamia, was pivotal in shaping Abbasid royal court life and urban planning. This study reveals that the design of these gardens prioritized visual and physical connections to the river, offering both practical advantages—such as water access—and courtly functions, underscoring their cultural and functional significance. By synthesizing textual and archaeological evidence, researchers demonstrate how this relationship between gardens and the Tigris defined daily life in the capital cities of Baghdad and Samarra, highlighting the river's central role in the region's history.

Gastronomy culture from the neolithic site of Çatalhöyük to 21st century

Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük — 2024 — WHE8E87F172B3

A study reveals enduring culinary traditions from the Neolithic site of Çatalhöyük, with significant continuity in the consumption and preparation of wild plants like terebinths, acorns, and plums into the 21st century. Using qualitative research methods—including document reviews and interviews with locals—the study traced food resource consumption patterns, highlighting how ancient gastronomic practices persist today. This approach provides a unique lens on human behavior and environmental dynamics, bridging millennia through culinary culture.

Gastropods potential intermediate hosts of parasites in the region of Lençóis Maranhenses National Park/Brazil, an international tourist destination

Lençóis Maranhenses National Park — 2024 — WHE6A1FF1D271

A study conducted between June 2016 and November 2019 identified 3,244 specimens of freshwater gastropods across the Microregion of Lençóis Maranhenses National Park in Brazil, highlighting a significant presence of potential intermediate hosts for parasites. The most abundant species was Biomphalaria straminea, accounting for 73.45% of the specimens, followed by Pomacea sp. (57.15%), which showed constant frequency across lentic and lotic ecosystems. The research also noted the occurrence of other gastropod species, including Biomphalaria schrammi and Drepanotrema lucidum, with varying abundances. Forecast maps suggest these snails could establish themselves throughout the region, posing a risk to human health due to their role as parasite hosts. The study underscores the importance of monitoring limnic gastropods for both conservation purposes and public health, particularly in a tourist destination like Lençóis Maranhenses.

Genetic and Morphological Studies on Goniurosaurus kuroiwae (Squamata: Eublepharidae), with a Description of a New Species from the Northern Part of Okinawajima Island, Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2024 — WHEA1BDAF74A7

A new species of eublepharid lizard, Goniurosaurus nebulozonatus, has been identified from the northern part of Okinawajima Island and Kourijima in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Genetic analysis using single nucleotide polymorphism data revealed significant differentiation between this northern lineage and the southern lineage of Goniurosaurus kuroiwae, which are separated by a narrow hybrid zone on Okinawajima. Morphological comparisons further supported their distinction, leading to the proposal that all five currently recognized subspecies of G. kuroiwae should be elevated to full species status. This includes G. orientalis, G. sengokui, G. toyamai, G. yamashinae, and G. yunnu, bringing the total number of extant Goniurosaurus species in the Ryukyus to seven, with one extinct species. The new species is characterized by unique features such as a reddish-brown iris, specific scale patterns, and distinct dorsal banding.

Genetic Approach of the Coiba Island Howler Monkey Alouatta coibensis coibensis from Panama, and Its Conservation Implications

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection — 2024 — WHE4612FADE41

A genetic analysis of the Coiba island howler monkey (Alouatta coibensis coibensis) reveals high genetic diversity and connectivity within its population, suggesting resilience despite signs of past contraction. Researchers analyzed 14 fecal samples from two sites on Coiba Island in Panama using cytochrome oxidase I (COI) markers, finding haplotype diversity ranging from 0.68 to 0.80 and nucleotide diversity between 0.0026 and 0.0041. The study also detected evidence of population decline via Tajima's D but noted strong genetic flow, indicating a single, genetically healthy population. These findings provide critical baseline data for assessing the conservation status of this isolated primate species and its adaptive potential in the face of environmental changes.

Genetic Aspects of Conservation of Forest Ecosystems of NNP “Podilski Tovtry” in the Context of Sustainable Development

Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe — 2024 — WHE649DA4D886

A critical insight from this study is that virgin and quasi-virgin forests, along with old-growth natural forests, are the most valuable for conserving forest genetic resources and biodiversity. The research emphasizes the need for systematic assessment of genetic variability to guide in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. It proposes a set of measures for EU Member States, private sectors, and citizens—supported by financial incentives—to ensure sustainable management of these ecosystems. In the context of the Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park (NNP), the study also highlights the importance of developing tourism potential while involving local communities in environmental and recreational infrastructure projects to support the World Heritage Site 'Primeval Beech Forests and Ancient Forests of the Carpathians.' The approach integrates theoretical, scientific, and methodological frameworks from both domestic and international experiences.

Genomic Consequences of Isolation and Inbreeding in an Island Dingo Population

K’gari (Fraser Island) — 2024 — WHED59E540404

A new analysis of whole-genome sequences from K’gari (Fraser Island) dingoes reveals significant genomic consequences of isolation and inbreeding, with the island population exhibiting higher levels of very long runs of homozygosity (>5 Mb) than mainland dingoes. This suggests a strong founder effect and small population size, despite evidence that strongly deleterious mutations are being purged. However, mildly deleterious alleles may persist, posing potential long-term risks for conservation. The study, which included 18 dingo genomes, provides critical insights into the genetic resilience of isolated populations under pressure from inbreeding.

Genomic surveillance of Anopheles mosquitoes on the Bijagós Archipelago using custom targeted amplicon sequencing identifies mutations associated with insecticide resistance

Coastal and Marine Ecosystems of the Bijagós Archipelago – Omatí Minhô — 2024 — WHE477B93D084

A genomic surveillance study of Anopheles mosquitoes on the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau, identified four insecticide resistance mutations, including the first report of the vgsc L995F kdr-west allele in Anopheles melas. The research used high-throughput multiplex amplicon sequencing to analyze 214 mosquitoes from 13 islands, detecting low overall prevalence of resistance markers but highlighting higher levels of vgsc L995F and N1570Y mutations on Bubaque Island, the most populous and connected island in the archipelago. These findings underscore the need for continued monitoring, particularly given the reliance on pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets for malaria control in the region.

Geochemical Fingerprinting of Bentonites Resolves Stratigraphic Uncertainties: Implications for Dinosaur Faunal Turnover, Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada

Dinosaur Provincial Park — 2024 — WHE565B9908A9

Geochemical fingerprinting of bentonites has resolved long-standing stratigraphic uncertainties within the Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) at Dinosaur Provincial Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its rich dinosaur fossil record. The study reveals that previously indistinguishable bentonite beds exhibit distinct geochemical and physical differences, enabling cost-effective and straightforward identification parameters. This breakthrough establishes a robust stratigraphic framework crucial for refining biostratigraphic correlations and understanding faunal turnover events in the DPF. The research utilized whole rock geochemistry on unprocessed samples alongside microprobe analysis of phenocrysts such as biotite, feldspars, volcanic glass, and zircons, combined with phenocryst ratio counts to characterize the bentonites effectively.

Geoglyphs in the Andean Central Coast: combining digital and traditional survey techniques

Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System — 2024 — WHEF60BEE1F27

A groundbreaking study has uncovered over 113 geoglyphs along the Andean Central Coast, spanning from the Formative period (1800–100 BC) to the Inka period (AD 1470–1532). These findings suggest the existence of meticulously ritualized landscapes, intricately connected with ceramics and road systems. The research employed a combination of digital technology and Remotely Piloted Airborne Systems (RPAS) to locate these sites, offering new insights into the cultural and historical significance of Qhapaq Ñan, the Andean Road System.

Geographic risk assessment of Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans invasion in Costa Rica as a means of informing emergence management and mitigation

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park — 2024 — WHE64AD418F34

A significant geographic risk assessment reveals that approximately 23% of Costa Rica's landmass, including the Central and Talamanca mountain ranges, is highly suitable for the invasive fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal), threatening 37 salamander species. This study employed ecological niche modeling combined with biodiversity and tourist visitation data to identify eight protected areas at greatest risk due to their high biodiversity, frequent human activity, and favorable habitat conditions for Bsal. The findings underscore the importance of proactive monitoring using remotely-sensed data and ecological niche modeling to target surveillance efforts and mitigate potential outbreaks effectively.

Geology, Architecture and Archaeological Overview of Four Ancient Rock-Cut Tombs in the Theban Necropolis at el-Khokha (Egypt)

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2024 — WHEA996D19DCA

Four ancient rock-cut tombs in the Theban Necropolis at el-Khokha, Egypt, reveal long-lasting funerary use spanning from the late Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom. These tombs, TT 184, TT 185, TT 412, and TT 413, were later reused as dwellings, altering their original structures. The study provides a detailed geological analysis of the Tarawan Chalk formation, which hosts these tombs, along with insights into the overlying Esna Shale and Thebes Limestone formations. It also offers an archaeological and architectural overview, including complex geometries, preservation conditions, and wall paintings. Additionally, the paper suggests potential preservation measures to inform future restoration efforts.

Geomatics and metaverse for lost heritage sites documentation and dissemination: the case study of Palmyra Roman Theatre (Syria)

Site of Palmyra — 2024 — WHE258FD02556

A groundbreaking approach combining geomatics and metaverse technologies has successfully reconstructed the lost Palmyra Roman Theatre, Syria, using spherical photogrammetry to digitally preserve its pre-destruction state. The study optimized 3D models for virtual reality (VR) applications through polygon decimation and texturing, creating an immersive, online-accessible virtual environment that enables shared exploration of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. User response experiments demonstrated the effectiveness of these digital tools in conveying historical significance, offering a scalable model for disseminating lost heritage. This method provides a powerful solution to safeguard and educate about sites threatened by conflict or destruction.

Geometric Patterns in Mughal Architecture: Under a Quantitative Lens

Humayun's Tomb, Delhi — 2024 — WHEF9986FC031

Mughal architecture, exemplified by Humayun's Tomb and the Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daulah, demonstrates a sophisticated integration of geometric patterns that serve both decorative and symbolic functions. These intricate designs, analyzed quantitatively, reveal a seamless blend of mathematical precision and creative ingenuity, reflecting the cultural values and scientific accomplishments of the Mughal Empire. The study highlights how basic shapes were transformed into complex patterns, offering new insights into the technical foundations of Mughal architectural traditions.

Geometry and tectonic history of the Northeastern Cévennes Fault System (Southeast Basin, France) : new insights from deep seismic reflection profiles

The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape — 2024 — WHEAF632BCAE6

A new deep seismic reflection survey of the Northeastern Cévennes Fault System (NCFS) reveals its polyphase tectonic history, spanning 320 million years. The study identifies three major phases: initial normal faulting during the Lower Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous, reactivation as a transfer fault zone during Pyrenean shortening in the Upper Cretaceous, and subsequent Oligocene extension. These findings update the geological history of the Vivaro-Cévenol region and constrain structures affecting the Southeast Basin since the Mesozoic. The research provides critical insights for paleoseismological studies following the 2019 Le Teil earthquake (Mw4.9), aiding seismic hazard assessment in the region.

Geophysical Detection of Fractured Rock Mass in Dazu Rock Carvings, Chongqing, China

Dazu Rock Carvings — 2024 — WHE09E5A55C5A

A novel Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) detection method, constrained by logging data, significantly enhances the accuracy of fissure detection in rock masses at the Dazu Rock Carvings, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Chongqing, China. This approach mitigates the challenges of multiplicity and false anomalies inherent in conventional GPR methods, providing a more reliable tool for assessing fractured rock conditions. By integrating borehole televiewer data and electromagnetic wave velocity calibration with stratigraphic interfaces, researchers validated and supplemented preliminary GPR interpretation profiles, offering a robust technical solution for the preservation and restoration of grotto relics.

Geospatial and remote sensing analysis for earthquake risk management: The case study of Ancient Olympia archaeological site.

Archaeological Site of Olympia — 2024 — WHE2FCFFD7BFD

A comprehensive earthquake risk management plan for Ancient Olympia, one of Greece's most visited archaeological sites, has been developed using advanced geospatial and remote sensing techniques. The study identifies ground deformation vulnerabilities through multi-temporal InSAR analysis of Sentinel-1 satellite data, revealing areas at higher risk during seismic events in the tectonically active Western Peloponnese region. By integrating detailed thematic information layers with ground instability data, the research provides actionable insights for efficient evacuation and reconstruction strategies, crucial for protecting this UNESCO World Heritage Site from geohazards. The findings underscore the importance of preparedness and emergency management in safeguarding cultural heritage in seismically vulnerable zones.

Geotechnical test pits for a proposed new lift at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire: an archaeological watching brief

Blenheim Palace — 2024 — WHED07A283D68

Archaeological monitoring of four geotechnical test pits at Blenheim Palace, Woodstock, Oxfordshire, revealed no significant archaeological finds or deposits. The study, conducted as part of a proposed new lift installation, employed an archaeological watching brief to ensure compliance with heritage preservation standards. This approach involved close observation and documentation of the excavation process to identify any potential historical or cultural material. Despite the absence of notable discoveries, the research underscores the importance of such monitoring in safeguarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites during development projects.

Geotourism Aspects of Building Stone Use (Romanesque Style and the Onset of Gothic) in UNESCO Heritage Sites of the Historic Centre of Prague for Construction and Architectural Purposes

Historic Centre of Prague — 2024 — WHEE7D988D55A

Prague's Historic Centre stands out for its architectural evolution reflecting Romanesque and Gothic styles. A key insight from this study is the significant role of building stones in shaping the city's iconic landmarks, such as St. Vitus Cathedral and Charles Bridge, which are major tourist attractions. Despite their importance, the sources and types of these stones remain largely overlooked in tourism narratives. This research bridges that gap by linking architectural development with detailed descriptions of the stones used during the Romanesque and Gothic periods, including their source areas. By doing so, it not only advances architectural research but also proposes new forms of geotourism that integrate geological and historical perspectives, enriching visitor experiences.

Ghetto

Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian — 2024 — WHE7696393940

The term 'ghetto' has evolved significantly, transitioning from its original 17th-century use to describe the Jewish community's voluntary segregation within the Palace of Diocletian in Split, Croatia, to a modern symbol of socio-economic stigma and tourist gentrification. This study demonstrates how the concept of a ghetto shifted from a physical and symbolic boundary defined by the palace's walls to an invisible border tied to socioeconomic conditions post-World War II, ultimately becoming a 'Disneyfied' space dominated by tourism. The research analyzes aerial drawings, photographs, and historical documentation spanning centuries, highlighting the transformation of the site's social meaning without altering its location. It reveals how the ghetto's identity has been redefined from voluntary Jewish habitation to a tourist-attracting, gentrified area, stripping it of its original inhabitants' narrative.

Ghosts and the machine: testing the use of Artificial Intelligence to deliver historical life course biographies from big data

Australian Convict Sites — 2024 — WHEF943189841

A study testing the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to generate historical life course biographies from big data reveals both promise and limitations. While AI, specifically Generative Large Language Models, effectively converts tabulated records into fluent and factually correct narrative text—such as those describing convicts and free individuals on Norfolk Island during Australia's colonial period (1788–1814)—it also exhibits inherent biases, uncritical perspectives, and a tendency to summarize data rather than delve deeply. The best outputs require human intervention to fully capture the nuanced aspects of history and heritage research. This experiment underscores AI's potential in historical narrative generation while highlighting the need for careful oversight to mitigate its limitations.

Giant Geometry: In the Footsteps of the Nasca

Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa — 2024 — WHE919F9E32B1

A novel educational project leverages the ancient geoglyphs of Nasca to engage students in construction techniques, fostering creativity and mastery. The approach integrates geometric principles with hands-on learning, offering a unique blend of cultural heritage and mathematical education. By drawing parallels between Nasca's intricate designs and modern geometric constructions, the study demonstrates how art and science intersect in both historical and contemporary contexts. This method not only enhances students' problem-solving skills but also provides a tangible sense of achievement upon completion. The project bridges the gap between academic learning and practical application, making complex mathematical concepts accessible through an innovative, heritage-inspired framework.

Gigantochloa lako (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new combination for a horticulturally important bamboo species from Southeast Asia

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2024 — WHE85A090CE07

Researchers reclassify Bambusa lako, a widely cultivated ornamental bamboo known as Timor black bamboo, into the genus Gigantochloa based on floral characteristics observed in a rare flowering specimen. The study, conducted at the Singapore Botanic Gardens, identified key reproductive traits—such as non-disarticulating rachilla segments and terminal vestigial florets—that align with Gigantochloa rather than Bambusa. This taxonomic adjustment clarifies the species' classification while maintaining its horticultural significance in Southeast Asia. The discovery underscores the importance of flowering material in bamboo taxonomy, bridging gaps left by initial descriptions lacking reproductive data.

GIS and remote sensing-based wildlife habitat suitability analysis for Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) at Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia

Bale Mountains National Park — 2024 — WHEF872DA5E2A

A study analyzing habitat suitability for the endangered Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Ethiopia's Bale Mountains National Park reveals that 60% of the park's land area is suitable for the species, with highly and moderately suitable habitats concentrated in the northern region, western border, and Harrena forest. The research used GIS and remote sensing techniques, including Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data and Landsat 9 imagery, combined with environmental factors like vegetation, soil types, topography, climate, and proximity to human settlements. By applying Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) with pair-wise comparison methods, the study identified five suitability classes, providing critical insights for conservation efforts and park management decisions. The findings highlight the importance of targeted protection strategies in these key habitats to ensure the survival of this vulnerable species.

Glacier Changes from 1990 to 2022 in the Aksu River Basin, Western Tien Shan

Western Tien-Shan — 2024 — WHEBA5CC8BB2F

Between 1990 and 2022, glaciers in the Aksu River Basin (ARB) of the Western Tien Shan retreated by 309.40 km²—equivalent to a 9.37% loss at an annual rate of 0.29%. This accelerated retreat, particularly from 2010 onward, was driven by rising ablation-phase temperatures and reduced cold-season precipitation, leading to mass losses of up to (1087.50 ± 0.68) × 10⁶ m³ water equivalent annually. Glacier melt now contributes significantly more—41.56% during the ablation phase—to the Aksu River’s runoff compared to earlier periods (34.57% in 2003–2009). The study, using Landsat/Sentinel-2 imagery and satellite altimetry data, highlights the basin’s growing vulnerability to climate change, with critical implications for water resource stability.

Global Landmark Classification Using Enhanced ResNet50V2: A Deep Learning Approach

Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu — 2024 — WHED9A62A9C3A

A deep learning model, ResNet50V2, demonstrates high accuracy in classifying 12 globally renowned landmarks, including the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. This enhanced convolutional neural network effectively distinguishes sites based on their architectural and cultural features, supporting applications in tourism, education, and digital preservation. The study highlights the potential of deep residual learning for landmark identification, contributing to sustainable heritage management and aligning with global sustainability goals.

Global Venice

Venice and its Lagoon — 2024 — WHE6BB05E2758

Venice faces profound challenges due to globalization, particularly the dominance of mass tourism, which has transformed its economy into a 'tourism monoculture' and accelerated the conversion of residential spaces into short-term rentals. This shift, exacerbated by Venice's UNESCO World Heritage status, has deepened societal divisions, fostering localist reactions marked by xenophobia and racism against immigrants while widening the gap between the city and mainland. The study highlights the uncertain future of Venice amid rising sea levels, revealing a complex interplay between global pressures and localized responses that threaten its cultural and environmental integrity.

Göbekli Tepe Kazısında Ortaya Çıkarılan Gastronomik Unsurlarının Belirlenmesi (Determination of Gastronomic Features Uncovered at Göbekli Tepe Excavation)

Göbekli Tepe — 2024 — WHEA93F1AE0CA

Göbekli Tepe, often regarded as the 'zero point of history,' emerges as a significant source for understanding Turkish culinary culture. This study reveals that Neolithic-era gastronomic practices at Göbekli Tepe have profound implications for modern regional cuisine. Through qualitative research methods, including interviews with professionals involved in excavations and local residents familiar with Göbekli Tepe, the study identifies key gastronomic themes and codes. It underscores the necessity of integrating gastronomy experts into archaeological research to better comprehend Neolithic dietary cultures and advocates for further gastronomic studies in the region.

Gods of Mount Tai: Familiarity and the Material Culture of North China, 1000–2000

Mount Taishan — 2024 — WHE3E24A10779

A comprehensive analysis of the evolution and material culture of gods on Mount Taishan, North China, from 1000 to 2000 CE reveals how familiarity with these deities shaped their worship over centuries. The study highlights the regional development of divine figures, bridging gaps in historical records and linking material artifacts to spiritual practices. By examining a long-term perspective (longue durée), it offers new insights into the cultural significance of Mount Taishan as both a natural landscape and a sacred site. This work integrates archaeological, textual, and anthropological evidence to demonstrate how gods became embedded in local traditions, influencing North China's material culture.

Good and bad heritage

ESMA Museum and Site of Memory – Former Clandestine Centre of Detention, Torture and Extermination — 2024 — WHE3BC90D494A

Heritage sites often evoke positive associations, but dissonant or 'bad' heritage—marked by tragedies such as genocides, human rights violations, and environmental disasters—challenges conventional preservation narratives. While some World Heritage sites, like Auschwitz or Hiroshima Peace Memorial, grapple with negative legacies, others, such as the Slave Route Project or Argentina’s ESMA Museum (a former clandestine detention center), actively confront painful histories to promote education and human rights. Toxic heritage, emerging from industrial disasters like Bhopal or Fukushima, adds another layer of complexity, requiring balanced approaches that address preservation, public health, and ethical considerations. The study highlights the tension within the World Heritage Convention when nominating sites tied to conflicts, underscoring the need for frameworks that acknowledge both the destructive and redemptive potential of heritage.

Gorée, island of memory

Island of Gorée — 2024 — WHEF7926ABCDB

The Senegalese island of Gorée stands as a powerful symbol of the transatlantic slave trade's legacy. As a leading destination for memorial tourism, it attracts tens of thousands of visitors annually, including Afro-descendants seeking to connect with their heritage. The island's historical significance and its role in shaping global memory make it a unique case study in the intersection of history, tourism, and cultural identity. This publication explores Gorée's transformation into a site of remembrance, highlighting its impact on both local communities and visitors. By analyzing visitor experiences and the island's historical narrative, the study underscores its importance in fostering dialogue around slavery's enduring effects.

Gorée, l’île mémoire

Island of Gorée — 2024 — WHEEAF657EE6F

Gorée, a small island off the coast of Senegal, stands as a powerful symbol of the transatlantic slave trade's tragedy. Today, it attracts tens of thousands of visitors annually, including many Afro-descendants from abroad, cementing its role as a key destination for memorial tourism. The island’s historical significance and its transformation into a site of remembrance reflect broader global efforts to confront and commemorate the legacy of slavery. This article explores Gorée's dual identity—both as a witness to historical atrocities and a beacon of cultural heritage—highlighting its importance in education, tourism, and the preservation of collective memory.

Gorée, la isla de la memoria

Island of Gorée — 2024 — WHE45DF07553B

Gorée, a small island off the coast of Senegal, stands as a poignant symbol of the transatlantic slave trade's legacy. Each year, it attracts tens of thousands of visitors, including many Afro-descendants from abroad, who engage in commemorative tourism. The island's historical significance and its role in shaping collective memory are central to this phenomenon. This article explores how Gorée has become an emblematic site for reflection on the atrocities of slavery and its enduring impact on global heritage narratives.

Government and Community Strategies in Maintaining the Existence of Yogyakarta Cosmological Axis as a World Cultural Heritage

The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks — 2024 — WHE7A974B8DB5

Yogyakarta's Cosmological Axis, recognized as a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage site, faces challenges in preservation due to urban development and cultural shifts. This study identifies effective strategies employed by the government and local communities to safeguard its historical integrity. Through qualitative analysis, including interviews with stakeholders and archival research, the paper highlights collaborative efforts such as policy enforcement, community engagement, and educational initiatives that have successfully mitigated threats to the site's authenticity and continuity. These findings underscore the importance of integrated governance models in preserving cultural heritage amid rapid modernization.

Great Zimbabwe in the Shadow of Robert Mugabe and the ZANU-PF: An Analysis of the Political On-site Use of Great Zimbabwe during the Period 2000–2025

Great Zimbabwe National Monument — 2024 — WHE18A3BD2E2A

During Zimbabwe's economic downturn from 2000 to 2025, the Great Zimbabwe National Monument became a strategic site for political identity-building and nationalism under ZANU-PF rule. The monument was instrumental in reinforcing party hegemony and promoting the ideologies of leaders Robert Mugabe and Emmerson Mnangagwa, as revealed through four key on-site events analyzed using Critical Heritage Studies. This study highlights how cultural heritage was politicized to strengthen national identity amid economic challenges, offering insights into the intersection of politics, archaeology, and heritage in post-colonial contexts.

Greed or Grievance? Linking Revenue Sharing Implementation to Unauthorised Resource Use and Conservation Support at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park — 2024 — WHEE88BC55860

Revenue sharing, intended to foster community support for conservation by improving livelihoods and reducing unauthorized resource use, largely fails to achieve its objectives at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park. A study involving 715 respondents—including local community members, conservation staff, and council leaders—revealed that revenue-sharing benefits predominantly reached random households rather than unauthorized resource users, such as poachers or those collecting bush meat, firewood, basketry materials, or medicinal plants. Projects funded were primarily focused on livelihoods (e.g., livestock, poultry) rather than common good initiatives. The findings suggest that greater involvement of poachers in revenue-sharing activities and a multifaceted approach—addressing economic, social, and systemic drivers—are critical to curbing unauthorized resource use and enhancing conservation support.

Green Corridors and Social Connectivity with a Sustainable Approach in the City of Cuzco in Peru

City of Cuzco — 2024 — WHEB77391E9F4

A proposed green corridor design for the City of Cuzco, Peru, aims to serve as an ecological lung, addressing uncontrolled urban development and a shortage of green areas that negatively impact quality of life. The study highlights the importance of balanced resource management and social organization in sustainable urban planning. Using methods such as literature review, urban analysis, and climate analysis supported by digital tools, the proposal includes 69.96% green areas for recreation, biolakes (3.18%) for environmental quality, a botanical zone (18.14%) with diverse plant species, a convention area (9.7%) for community activities, and a cultural zone (0.98%) for artistic exhibitions. This multifunctional approach seeks to counteract urban expansion, environmental degradation, and social alienation while promoting climate regulation and biodiversity. The absence of such strategies could compromise development and quality of life in Cuzco.

Groundwater decline has negatively affected the well-preserved amphibian community of Doñana National Park (SW Spain)

Doñana National Park — 2024 — WHED3BDA75973

Groundwater decline has significantly reduced the amphibian diversity within Doñana National Park, SW Spain. A comparative survey between 2003-2004 and 2021-2022 revealed a decline in the occurrence of all 11 amphibian species present, with only two species (Pelophylax perezi and Hyla meridionalis) still found across more than half of the sampling area. The mean number of species per grid cell dropped from 4.3 to 3.1, indicating a substantial loss in biodiversity. This decline is attributed to groundwater overexploitation outside the park, which has led to shorter hydroperiods and pond desiccation, exacerbated by recent drought conditions. Restoration efforts focusing on reducing groundwater exploitation are critical to preserving Doñana's amphibian community.

Groundwater potential and recharge zone mapping using GIS and remote sensing techniques: the Melka Kunture Watershed in Ethiopia

Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia — 2024 — WHE255E7668CB

A study mapping groundwater potential and recharge zones in the Melka Kunture Watershed, Ethiopia, reveals that over 79% of the area holds moderate to high groundwater potential, with 25.7% classified as high potential. Using GIS and remote sensing techniques combined with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), researchers identified key factors influencing groundwater suitability, including lithology, geomorphology, slope, and land use. The resulting maps, validated with an 88% accuracy rate against existing water sources, provide a reliable framework for sustainable water resource management in this UNESCO World Heritage Site. This approach offers a data-driven solution to address groundwater challenges exacerbated by climate change and overexploitation.

Gypsum cave notches and their palaeoenvironmental significance: A combined morphometric study using terrestrial laser scanning, traditional cave mapping, and geomorphological observations

Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines — 2024 — WHE756794B045

A multidisciplinary study on gypsum cave notches in the northern Apennines reveals a consistent paleocurrent flow direction from ESE to WNW, supporting the ancient resurgence nature of the cave system. Despite inconclusive results from individual methods—such as terrestrial laser scanning and traditional cave mapping—the collective evidence suggests that water flow gently inclined toward the present main entrance, corroborated by sediment imbrication patterns. This research highlights the potential of combining geostatistical analyses with geomorphological observations to unravel paleoenvironmental dynamics in karst systems.

Halichoeres sanchezi n. sp., a new wrasse from the Revillagigedo Archipelago of Mexico, tropical eastern Pacific Ocean (Teleostei: Labridae)

Archipiélago de Revillagigedo — 2024 — WHE8974842966

Researchers have identified a new species of wrasse, Halichoeres sanchezi n. sp., in the Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico, adding to the region's endemic fish diversity. This discovery highlights unique genetic distinctions within the Halichoeres melanotis species complex, with H. sanchezi differing by 2.4% in mitochondrial DNA from its closest relative and exhibiting distinct color patterns—including a vermilion-orangish terminal-phase male with dark scale outlines and a black caudal band—not found in related species. The study employed an innovative approach during a 2022 expedition, combining underwater photography to document specimens in situ, tissue sampling, and museum vouchering, setting a precedent for collaborative ichthyofauna inventory in isolated archipelagos.

Halls of Power: Changing Political and Administrative Culture at the Palace of Westminster in the Sixteenth Century

Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church — 2024 — WHE4070D3CC74

A significant shift in political and administrative culture occurred at the Palace of Westminster during the sixteenth century, transforming it from a primary royal residence into the exclusive domain of law-courts, Parliament, and state offices. This transition, marked by the English monarch's increasing absence, led to the repurposing of spaces like the Exchequer to accommodate growing financial demands and public interactions with the Crown. The study reveals how this change fostered distinct relationships between the Crown and the public, granting institutions within the palace greater legitimacy through their representation of the realm's community. The research employs a detailed examination of administrative practices and historical records to illuminate these evolving dynamics.

Halomorphic Soils of Coastal Designs of Endorous Pulsating Chloride Lakes During the Regressive (Arid) Climatic Phase

Landscapes of Dauria — 2024 — WHE92A7B3F741

Research in the Landscapes of Dauria reveals that saline soils along the shores of pulsating chloride lakes exhibit distinct genetic relationships and salinity patterns during arid climate phases. The study identified a series of genetically linked saline soils—quasi-gley solonchaks, humus-quasi-gley saline soils, and light humus saline soils—formed under the influence of highly mineralized lake waters. Notably, chloride–soda and soda-chloride salinization was observed in lower soil horizons, particularly during regressive (arid) climate phases. The findings highlight the dynamic interaction between climate cycles and soil formation, providing critical data for monitoring saline ecosystems in transboundary regions of Russia, Mongolia, and China amid global climate change.

Handicrafts as cultural creative clusters: a spatial-cultural planning approach for the regeneration of the urban historical fabrics

Meidan Emam, Esfahan — 2024 — WHEFF7242AED8

A quantitative analysis of 227 handicraft production units in Isfahan's historical fabric reveals that creative industries, spatial design, and socio-cultural factors significantly boost tourism, with mean impacts of 14.19, 19.07, and 15.11 respectively. Clustering, cultural resources, and tourism emerge as key drivers for the growth of Cultural Creative Clusters (CCCs), while innovation and cultural identity play lesser roles. These clusters enhance urban attractiveness and social cohesion, particularly around Naqsh-e Jahan Square, where handicrafts reinforce economic vitality and local identity. The study highlights a novel approach to urban regeneration through CCCs, offering insights for heritage conservation and tourism development in historical contexts.

Hanseatic City-States as actors of Proto-Paradiplomacy: Cultural Integrators of Economics, Politics and Law

Hanseatic City of Lübeck — 2024 — WHEE665EABD32

Research reveals that the Hanseatic League, often associated with medieval trade networks, exhibited early forms of paradiplomacy—diplomatic and cultural interactions typically linked to modern subnational entities. The study identifies three key levels of proto-paradiplomatic activity in the Hanseatic city-states: economic cooperation (e.g., trade between German cities and Novgorod), cultural integration (Hanseatic fairs as tools for influence), and political engagement (e.g., military support for the Teutonic Order and treaty negotiations like the Stralsund Peace). Using theoretical frameworks from modern paradiplomacy, the authors demonstrate that Lübeck’s legal system (Lübeck Law) and its network of offices functioned similarly to contemporary paradiplomatic structures. The findings challenge the notion that paradiplomacy emerged only with late 20th-century globalization, suggesting its roots trace back to medieval city-states. However, limitations in applying modern theories to medieval contexts were also noted.

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Wadden Sea World Heritage Site and requirements for trilateral monitoring

Wadden Sea — 2024 — WHE2CD0016FE6

Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) exhibit seasonal movements and potential residency within the Wadden Sea World Heritage Site, as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of data from 1990 to 2020. The study, which integrated telemetry, aerial surveys, strandings, and passive acoustic monitoring, demonstrates that porpoises inhabit both offshore and intertidal waters, with some individuals maintaining limited home ranges year-round. However, significant variability in monitoring methods, frequency, and spatial coverage exists across Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands, posing challenges to consistent assessment. The research highlights the need for standardized, trilateral monitoring approaches to meet conservation targets aimed at ensuring viable porpoise stocks and habitat quality, as outlined by the Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan.

Harem size should be measured by more than the sum of its parts: Phenology‐based measurements reveal joint effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on a polygamous herbivore under non‐stationary climatic conditions

Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta — 2024 — WHE63A2F86434

A 15-year study of Przewalski horses in Hortobágy National Park reveals that harem size stability in reintroduced populations is influenced by complex interactions between demography and climate, even under non-stationary conditions. Despite an eightfold increase in population size—from 21 to 174 individuals—and a corresponding rise in the number of harems from three to 23, harem sizes remained consistent. The research identifies adult sex ratio, annual mortality rates, mean number of harems, stallion age, and drought severity as key predictors of harem dynamics. These findings underscore the importance of intrinsic population processes in regulating social structures, offering critical insights for conservation strategies in semi-free-ranging species.