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Perspective as an artistic tool of composition in the engravings by Giovanni Battista Piranesi

Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura — 2016 — WHE47E6C55EB2

Giovanni Battista Piranesi's engravings, particularly those depicting the Basilica di San Paolo Fuori le Mura and the Pantheon, employ perspective as a compositional tool to create space-dimensional representations. This study reveals that Piranesi's approach differs from his predecessors and contemporaries by breaking down architectural information into interrelated orthographic views, which are then used to form a cohesive spatial representation in the viewer's mind. The research compares one of Piranesi's engravings with a SketchUp perspective model and architect-drawn layouts, demonstrating how structural elements on the plane interact to convey depth and dimension. This innovative method challenges traditional notions of compositional logic in graphic works.

Pervasive Wireless Sensor Networks for the Monitoring of Large Monumental Structures: The Case of the Ancient City Walls of Siena

Historic Centre of Siena — 2016 — WHEC06F0A7B04

A novel wireless sensor network solution for real-time monitoring of cracks in large monumental structures, demonstrated on Siena's 1.8 km-long ancient city walls, proves highly effective through laboratory testing. The system employs Hall effect-based sensors and two distinct network topologies to ensure pervasive coverage. This approach offers a scalable and non-invasive method for structural health assessment, with potential deployment imminent.

Philippi: How Christianity Began in Europe By EduardVerhoef. London: Bloomsbury, 2013. Pp. xii+114. Paper, $29.95.

Archaeological Site of Philippi — 2016 — WHE3161302CA3

Archaeological research at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Philippi, combined with historical analysis, reveals key insights into the early development and social structure of Christianity in Europe. Eduard Verhoef's work highlights that the first-century Philippian church was likely composed of working-class individuals, including Lydia, who may have owned a spacious home serving as a gathering place for believers. By integrating field visits to archaeological sites with regional inscriptions and artifacts, Verhoef estimates that Philippi had around 10,000 inhabitants during this period, providing a vivid context for understanding Paul's letter to the Philippians and Acts of the Apostles. The study underscores how archaeological evidence can bring ancient texts to life, offering a tangible glimpse into the early Christian community's size and social dynamics.

Phylogenetic study and analysis of similarities for different datepalm cultivars using electrophoretic isoenzymes

Al-Ahsa Oasis, an Evolving Cultural Landscape — 2016 — WHE7209A2ABC0

A phylogenetic study of date palm cultivars in Al-Ahsa Oasis, Saudi Arabia, reveals that most cultivars share a common genetic origin. Using electrophoretic analysis of isoenzymes—non-specific esterases, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), and leucine-aminopeptidase—researchers identified varying degrees of similarity among 15 cultivars, ranging from 0.147 to 0.552. Key clusters emerged, such as Grr, Hel, and Shl, which exhibited high similarity (0.400–0.519), while Ruz and Ows showed the highest similarity at 0.552. The findings suggest that isoenzymes are effective markers for distinguishing cultivars, supporting the hypothesis of a shared genetic lineage in Al-Ahsa's date palms.

Physical and chemical analysis of outdoor dust deposited on photovoltaic panels installed in Rabat

Rabat, Modern Capital and Historic City: a Shared Heritage — 2016 — WHE3EABDCFE43

Dust deposited on photovoltaic panels in Rabat, Morocco, primarily consists of silica, alumina, iron oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, and potassium oxide, along with minerals like quartz, calcite, kaolin, and dolomite. These findings were derived from X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XF), Thermal Analysis, and Infrared Spectroscopy (IR). The study also examined how dust layer thickness affects the optical transmittance of glass and its impact on solar panel performance. Conducted at Rabat's RDI Solar Energy Platform, this research provides critical insights into the mineralogical composition of dust in an urban UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering implications for solar energy efficiency in similar environments.

Physicochemical parameters of crystallization of melts in intermediate suprasubduction chambers (by the example of Tolbachik and Ichinskii Volcanoes, Kamchatka Peninsula)

Volcanoes of Kamchatka — 2016 — WHEA4DFEF4B2F

A comparative analysis of Tolbachik and Ichinskii Volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula reveals distinct physicochemical parameters governing melt crystallization in intermediate suprasubduction chambers. Tolbachik's basaltic system, characterized by low-pressure (≤1 kbar) conditions at 2–3 km depth, contrasts with Ichinskii's multi-level chamber system, where andesites form at depths ≤23 km under ≤1225 °C, and dacites crystallize in upper horizons (9–3 km) at 1030–1130 °C. Despite shared differentiation processes, the volcanoes exhibit unique magmatic behaviors, with Tolbachik's basaltic lavas differing genetically from Ichinskii's andesitic counterparts. The study leverages plagioclase, amphibole, and melt inclusion analyses to elucidate these parameters, highlighting the complexity of subduction-related magmatism in Kamchatka.

Phytophthora species isolated from ash stands in Białowieża Forest nature reserve

Białowieża Forest — 2016 — WHEDB440AD2DC

Researchers have identified five Phytophthora species—Phytophthora fragariaefolia, P. plurivora, P. cactorum, P. lacustris, and P. pseudosyringae—in the near-pristine Białowieża Forest. Notably, this is the first record of P. fragariaefolia in ash-dominated forests, highlighting the presence of potentially damaging Phytophthora species within this ecologically significant ecosystem. The study used morphological and DNA analyses to confirm the identification of these pathogens from the rhizosphere of ash stands. The findings underscore the need for vigilance against Phytophthora-related threats in one of Europe's last remaining ancient forests.

Picturing the Founder. A New Reading of the Stories of St. Benedict in the Lower Church of Sacro Speco at Subiaco.

Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites — 2016 — WHE3D0154062D

A comparative analysis of the frescoes depicting St. Benedict's life in the lower church of Sacro Speco at Subiaco reveals significant parallels with the Franciscan cycle in Assisi, suggesting a deliberate artistic and theological dialogue between traditional monasticism and the new mendicant orders post-Council of Lyons (1274). The study identifies stylistic similarities beyond those previously noted, proposing that these frescoes—one of the earliest large-scale cycles about St. Benedict—were strategically positioned to engage viewers along a pilgrimage route, reinforcing Subiaco's role as a counterpoint to Assisi's Franciscan narrative. The research employs iconographic and contextual analysis to argue for an intentional contrast between monastic and mendicant ideals during this pivotal period of religious reform.

Pigmentos Clorofílicos e Hidrografía en la Region Noroccidental de Venezuela con Enfasis en el Golfo de Venezuela

Coro and its Port — 2016 — WHE9FD25B6951

Strong upwelling zones identified off the Peninsula de Paraguaná and in the Golfete de Coro exhibit elevated chlorophyll-a concentrations, indicating high productivity areas influenced by trade winds. These findings stem from four oceanographic expeditions (1982–1984) that analyzed 424 surface water samples for chlorophyll-a and pheopigments, alongside physical-chemical parameters. The study revealed that normal trade wind patterns (east-to-west) correlated with high chlorophyll values (up to 5.2 mg/m³), while a 180° wind shift in October–November 1984 disrupted upwelling dynamics and reduced chlorophyll concentrations. Mixing between Golfo de Venezuela and Lago de Maracaibo waters was also observed, particularly in Bahía de Calabozo, with implications for regional hydrodynamics.

Pilgrimage Studies in Global Perspective

Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France — 2016 — WHE4C447DC93A

Pilgrimage, traditionally tied to institutional religion, has diversified significantly, encompassing secular and spiritual dimensions. This study highlights the evolution of pilgrimage from religious sites like Santiago de Compostela to non-religious ones such as battlefields and national suffering sites. It also explores hybrid forms like 'religious tourism' and 'dark tourism,' driven by the expansion of global tourism since World War II. The research examines how these trends reflect a broader shift in beliefs and practices, integrating both religious and non-religious elements. The study employs qualitative analysis to understand the motivations and experiences of pilgrims, providing insights into the complex interplay between tradition, spirituality, and modernity.

Pinnularia wuyiensis sp. nov., a new diatom (Bacillariophyceae, Naviculales) from the north region of Wuyi Mountains, Jiangxi Province, China

Mount Wuyi — 2016 — WHE8148BCF3DC

Researchers have identified and described a new diatom species, Pinnularia wuyiensis, from the Xinjiang River in Yingtan City, located in the northern region of Wuyi Mountains, Southeast China. This novel taxon is characterized by its narrowly linear-lanceolate valve with undulate margins, gibbous center, and rounded apices, along with a very narrow axial area and asymmetric rhombic fascia central area. The study compares Pinnularia wuyiensis to seven closely related species, highlighting differences in size, striae density, and valve shape. Additionally, the ecology of this new species is explored, providing insights into its environmental adaptations.

Place Attachment and Tourist Experience in the Context of Desert Tourism – the Case of Wadi Rum

Wadi Rum Protected Area — 2016 — WHE73413A8834

A significant positive correlation exists between tourist experience dimensions (education, esthetics, entertainment, and escapism) and place attachment measures (place identity and place dependence) in the context of desert tourism, specifically at Wadi Rum Protected Area. Education positively influences place identity, while escapism is strongly linked to place dependence. These findings provide actionable insights for tourism managers, planners, and marketers to enhance desert tourism experiences through targeted strategies and enriched offerings, thereby fostering deeper visitor engagement and attachment.

Place Making and Experience in World Heritage Cities

Heart of Neolithic Orkney — 2016 — WHE8B18A2F28C

A key insight from the study of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site is that ethical considerations in landscape management significantly influence both cultural and environmental sustainability. The research examines how discourses around place-making and experience shape the preservation and interpretation of this ancient site, highlighting the interplay between heritage conservation and visitor engagement. By analyzing the ethical dimensions of sustainability practices, the study provides a framework for balancing cultural heritage protection with ecological stewardship. This approach offers valuable lessons for other World Heritage Sites facing similar challenges.

Plant Microfossils Recovered from Dental Calculus at Casas Grandes, Mexico

Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes — 2016 — WHE4728EF8E04

Dental calculus from ancient human remains at Paquimé, Casas Grandes, Mexico, has revealed microfossils that provide unprecedented insights into prehistoric flora and dietary practices. Analysis of 112 silica-embedded samples identified plant microfossils, shedding light on the types of vegetation present during ancient times and their potential uses—whether as food or processing materials. This study, part of a broader multinational project, demonstrates how microfossil analysis can reconstruct paleoenvironments and human-plant interactions with remarkable precision.

Plastic and functional features of mud architecture , A comparative study between Egyptian Nubian and Zebaid city of Yemen architecture

Historic Town of Zabid — 2016 — WHE5AE77BB26E

A comparative analysis of mud architecture in Nubian Egypt and Zabid, Yemen, reveals distinct yet sophisticated design principles rooted in cultural, environmental, and historical influences. Both architectures exhibit intricate decorative patterns with spiritual significance, though Nubian designs emphasize geometric formations and wind/light optimization, reflecting an ecological approach. In contrast, Zabid's architecture incorporates Indian and East African artistic elements, prioritizing privacy and aesthetic harmony through pottery decorations. Despite their unique styles, neither has been effectively integrated into modern urban design, highlighting a gap in preserving these heritage features. The study employs analytical descriptive methods to compare environmental conditions, material use, and decorative influences, underscoring the need for renaissance in these architectural traditions.

Plazas and communal space in Nasca: changing patterns of public ritual through the Formative and Early Intermediate periods (800 B.C.– A.D. 650) on the south coast of Peru

Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa — 2016 — WHE305060D0FF

A study of the Nasca region reveals that communal ritual spaces, such as plazas, were absent during the Early Nasca epoch, with rituals limited to pilgrimage centers like Cahuachi and associated geoglyphs. This pattern contrasts sharply with pre and post-Cahuachi eras, where plazas played a central role in settlements. The research analyzed data from multiple sites across the southern and northern Nasca regions (SNR and NNR) to assess how sociopolitical complexity, integration, and pilgrimage influenced the use of public ritual spaces during the Formative and Early Intermediate periods (800 B.C.– A.D. 650). The findings suggest that these factors were key in determining the nature and arrangement of communal spaces over time.

Politics of Informal Urbanization and the Battle for Urban Rights in Jerusalem

Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls — 2016 — WHEDC2A2D1A95

Israeli authorities have exploited urban planning as a tool of geopolitical control to shape the demographic and spatial landscape of East Jerusalem, favoring Jewish hegemony while marginalizing Palestinian communities. Since 1967, de jure planning measures have left over 11,000 Palestinian houses in East Jerusalem under demolition threat, displacing a quarter of families. The study reveals that Israeli policies, including the separation barrier and settlement expansion, artificially fragment Palestinian neighborhoods, undermining their urban contiguity despite legal designations as green areas. While Palestinian communities have developed 'bottom-up' alternative plans, these lack strategic cohesion or widespread adoption, highlighting systemic failures in meeting basic housing and planning rights.

Pollen Atlas of Santiniketan, West Bengal, with Reference to Aeropalynology

Santiniketan — 2016 — WHEA7CF3BEE3A

A comprehensive pollen atlas of Santiniketan, West Bengal, has been developed, providing detailed identification keys for airborne pollen grains from 101 angiospermic plant species across 40 families. The study reveals diverse pollen morphologies characterized by distinct aperture types (e.g., inaperturate, monoporate, triporate) and exine sculpturing patterns (e.g., echinate, reticulate, verrucate), alongside varied shapes ranging from prolate to oblate-spheroidal. This resource bridges aeropalynology with botanical identification, offering a robust tool for ecological and environmental studies in the region.

Pollen- and charcoal-based evidence for climatic and human impact on vegetation in the northern edge of Wuyi Mountains, China, during the last 8200 years

Mount Wuyi — 2016 — WHE02CCDA7B1A

A new study reveals that human-induced land cover change in the northern edge of Wuyi Mountains, China, became significant around 3600 years ago, coinciding with a shift to rice-paddy agriculture. This finding was derived from pollen and charcoal records from the Lantianyan peat bog, which also showed two periods of swamp expansion (around 4600–4400 and 3300–3000 years ago) linked to drought intervals. The research indicates that before 3600 years BP, human impact was negligible, while the drying trend after 5600 years BP aligned with a weakening East Asian summer monsoon due to decreased insolation and temperature.

Polygonal Cracked Granitic Boulder in Yakushima, Japan: Pore Size Distribution and Genesis of the Boulder

Yakushima — 2016 — WHEFE971E5C4D

A unique polygonal cracked granitic boulder, known locally as 'kameishi' or 'kameiwa,' has been studied for its pore size distribution and formation process on Yakushima Island, Japan. This study reveals that the boulder's distinctive pattern is influenced by weathering processes, particularly the expansion of pores within the granite structure. Researchers analyzed the boulder's characteristics in comparison to similar formations worldwide, providing new insights into its genesis. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of granitic rock weathering and the formation of such geological features.