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Mobilizing Iran : experiences of the Trans-Iranian Railway, 1850-1950

Trans-Iranian Railway — 2015 — WHE4AC41328DD

The Trans-Iranian Railway project, spanning from 1850 to 1950, facilitated diverse societal experiences and interpretations among various groups in Iran, challenging the homogenizing vision of modernization. This study reveals that railways were actively integrated into heterogeneous understandings of self, community, and nation by non-state actors, including merchants, laborers, and travelers. It also highlights the significance of transnational connections beyond Western influences, resituating Iran within a broader regional framework. The research employs an interdisciplinary approach, analyzing state-society interactions and intra-social dynamics during and after the Reza Shah period, with a focus on the often-neglected Allied occupation era.

Modelo de Diseño para la valoración y apropiación social del Patrimonio en El Paisaje Cultural Cafetero Colombiano

Coffee Cultural Landscape of Colombia — 2015 — WHEDB30C13328

A dynamic and eco-efficient design model can significantly enhance the social appropriation of UNESCO-listed heritage sites, fostering economic, social, and environmental sustainability. This study focuses on Colombia's Coffee Cultural Landscape, recognized for its cultural significance. By integrating community participation and effective communication strategies, the proposed model facilitates a deeper connection between inhabitants and visitors with the site's fundamental components, ensuring long-term conservation of its cultural identity and biodiversity. The research employs a holistic approach, combining spatial and temporal dimensions to promote responsible and participative attitudes among stakeholders, thereby safeguarding the landscape's heritage value.

Molecular Identification of Phytoplasmas Infecting Diseased Pine Trees in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit of Lithuania

Curonian Spit — 2015 — WHEDA66F6A5D4

A large-scale infection of pine trees by phytoplasmas, particularly Candidatus (Ca.) Phytoplasma pini-related strains, has been documented for the first time in Lithuania. This discovery challenges the conventional understanding that phytoplasmas primarily affect angiosperms and expands their known host range to include coniferous plants like Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and mountain pine (Pinus mugo). The study, conducted between 2008–2014 in the UNESCO-Protected Curonian Spit and Southern Lithuania, identified phytoplasma infections in nearly 300 trees, with 80% testing positive. Molecular analysis using RFLP and nucleotide sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that 98% of infected samples belonged to Ca. Phytoplasma pini-related strains (subgroup 16SrXXI-A), while a small fraction were associated with Ca. Phytoplasma asteris-related strains (subgroup 16SrI-A). This is the first report of subgroup 16SrI-A in pine trees, highlighting its potential broader geographic distribution and ecological impact on coniferous forests.

Monitoring Irrigation Consumption Using High Resolution NDVI Image Time Series: Calibration and Validation in the Kairouan Plain (Tunisia)

Kairouan — 2015 — WHEAF916DC6FB

A novel approach using high-resolution NDVI image time series significantly improves the monitoring of irrigation consumption, offering unprecedented accuracy for water balance assessments in semi-arid agricultural regions. The study, conducted in Kairouan, Tunisia, leveraged the SAMIR software and FAO-56 dual crop coefficient model to estimate evapotranspiration and irrigation volumes with high precision. By normalizing SPOT5 time series data against a SPOT4 reference, researchers generated NDVI profiles that enabled robust calibration and validation at both plot and perimeter scales. Results demonstrated an average Nash efficiency of 0.57 for modeled versus observed evapotranspiration in barley and wheat plots, while aggregated irrigation volumes closely matched observed values (135 mm vs. 121 mm). This method holds promise for refining water resource management in semi-arid landscapes, though further improvements at finer timescales are needed.

Mycobial Deterioration of Stone Monuments of Dharmarajika, Taxila

Taxila — 2015 — WHE30A87576AF

A study on the mycobial deterioration of stone monuments at Dharmarajika, Taxila, revealed that 19 fungal species, including Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus spp., and Cladosporium herbarum, contribute to biodeterioration through biofilm formation and organic acid production. These fungi secrete corrosive acids such as oxalic, citric, and acetic acids, which accelerate stone decay—a significant threat to the preservation of tropical heritage sites. The research highlights the role of microbial metabolism in monument degradation, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation strategies.

Nd:YAG long Q-switched versus short free-running laser cleaning trials at Chartres cathedral, France

Chartres Cathedral — 2015 — WHEAC93DC8833

Laser cleaning trials using Nd:YAG (1064 nm) devices on outdoor sculptures at Chartres Cathedral, France, revealed that short free-running (SFR) mode at 300 mJ output energy and long Q-switched (LQS) mode at 150 mJ output energy effectively preserved the oxalate layer lining the stone surface while removing black crust. The LQS mode resulted in a slightly yellowed appearance, whereas the SFR mode produced a darker but less yellow surface. Microscopic and scanning electron microscope analyses confirmed that both laser regimes maintained the oxalate layer, with minimal trace of black crust remaining under the chosen operating conditions. These findings suggest that precise control over laser parameters can optimize cleaning efficacy while safeguarding the stone's structural integrity.

Nesvyžiaus Radvilų Bibliotekos Paveldas Lietuvoje

Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh — 2015 — WHEFDA25506F5

The Radziwills, a prominent aristocratic family from the Great Duchy of Lithuania, assembled one of the largest private book collections in the region during the 16th to 18th centuries. However, after the first partition of Poland in 1772, this extensive library was relocated to St. Petersburg, leaving only scattered remnants in Lithuanian libraries today. Recent international efforts, including virtual reconstructions and collaborative projects, have revived interest in preserving and studying this dispersed cultural heritage. Key surviving copies, marked with Radziwill ex-librises, are housed in institutions such as the Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, Vilnius University, Kaunas University of Technology, and the Kazys Varnelis house-museum. A digital catalogue compiled by the Karol Estreicher Institute of Polish Bibliography further documents this legacy, highlighting its significance for both academic research and cultural preservation.

New data from fortified coastal settlement of Cap de Forma, Maó-Menorca (Balearic Islands)

Talayotic Menorca — 2015 — WHEB8A456C0CE

New radiometric data from the fortified coastal settlement of Cap de Forma, Menorca, reveals insights into the early Talayotic period, a significant phase in the island's prehistory. The study, focusing on three living spaces adjacent to an atypical cyclopean monument, provides chronological context for artifacts and structures dating back to the beginning of this period. Located on a strategic isthmus near a natural harbor, the site offers a rare glimpse into the architectural and cultural practices of Talayotic settlements. The research employs radiometric techniques to interpret recent archaeological findings, contributing to our understanding of the region's protohistorical development.

New Records of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from Bolívar State in South Eastern Venezuela, with 27 New Species for the State and 5 of Them New in the Country

Canaima National Park — 2015 — WHEBB39F7241A

A groundbreaking study identifies 27 new mosquito species for Bolívar State, Venezuela, including five previously unknown to the country. Conducted across 16 localities in Canaima National Park and Gran Sabana Municipality, this research marks a significant contribution to mosquito ecology and biogeography in South Eastern Venezuela. The findings highlight the region's rich biodiversity while emphasizing the medical importance of these species. The study also provides a checklist of mosquito species reported in Gran Sabana County, offering valuable insights for future epidemiological studies.

Non-Rainfall Moisture Activates Fungal Decomposition of Surface Litter in the Namib Sand Sea

Namib Sand Sea — 2015 — WHE48C8CFC9D5

A mesophilic Ascomycete fungal community plays a crucial role in the decomposition of surface litter in the hyper-arid Namib Sand Sea, despite minimal rainfall (0-17 mm annually). These fungi respond rapidly to non-rainfall moisture sources like fog and dew, which occur every 3 days on average. Key traits enabling their survival include darkly-pigmented hyphae, a broad thermal range including low temperatures during fog events, and resilience to extreme desiccation and UV radiation (up to 50°C for five hours). The fungi significantly reduce the carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio of litter, making it more palatable for detritivores like termites. This discovery challenges the long-held assumption that detritivores alone drive decomposition in this ecosystem and underscores the importance of fungal activity in energy flow and biogeochemical cycling, with potential implications for climate change impacts on precipitation, dew, and fog regimes.

Notes on the presence of Manta alfredi in the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Cagayancillo, Palawan, Philippines

Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park — 2015 — WHEC4D8A6EEF1

A new record of the reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) has been documented within the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP), Philippines, challenging previous assumptions that only oceanic manta rays (M. birostris) inhabited the site. Analysis of 33 photographs from the Tubbataha Management Office database revealed that 32 individuals were M. alfredi, identified by distinctive black marks posterolateral to the last gill slits and between rows of gill slits. Expert validation confirmed these findings, marking the first documented presence of M. alfredi in both the TRNP and the Philippines. This discovery underscores the need for updated conservation policies to account for both manta ray species' ecological significance. The study also recommends further research on population dynamics, structure, and abundance, while advocating for international collaboration to enhance global understanding of these species.

On the alignment of Sanchi monuments

Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi — 2015 — WHEF2CE0F35BE

Astronomical alignments in the Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi reveal that stupas are oriented towards the sunset direction on the summer solstice, coinciding with the day of the zenithal sun due to the site's proximity to the Tropic of Cancer. This alignment, observed through satellite imagery and Google Earth analysis, suggests a deliberate architectural planning akin to that found in the Sigiriya complex in Sri Lanka. The study highlights the significance of solar orientations in ancient Buddhist monument design, offering insights into the sophisticated understanding of celestial events by early architects.

Original wall paintings at the church of the Saviour in Chvabiani (Upper Svaneti, Georgia) and Byzantine art at the turn of the tenth to eleventh centuries

Upper Svaneti — 2015 — WHE6C3180A763

A rare ensemble of wall paintings at the Church of the Saviour in Chvabiani, Upper Svaneti, Georgia, has been confirmed to date back to 978-1001, challenging prior assumptions about their origins. Through meticulous analysis of technique and style, researchers demonstrated that both the Theophany in the conch and the Apostles in the lower zone are original works from the turn of the tenth to eleventh century, showing no traces of later repainting. These paintings exhibit exceptional quality and strong affinities with Byzantine art, suggesting they may have been created by a visiting artist, likely Georgian-trained at a major Byzantine center. The findings provide new insights into the artistic exchange between Georgia and Byzantium during this formative period.

Persian Gardens and Pavilions: Reflections in History, Poetry and the Arts

The Persian Garden — 2015 — WHEE1EEC509FB

Scholarly interest in Persian gardens surged following David Stronach's 1967 excavation at Pasargadae, revealing intricate connections between these gardens and Persian history, poetry, and the arts. This study synthesizes historical and archaeological evidence to illustrate how Persian gardens served as symbolic spaces reflecting cultural values, royal power, and artistic expression. By analyzing architectural features, textual sources, and artistic representations, the research demonstrates that these gardens were not merely ornamental but integral to Persian identity and heritage. The approach combines archival research with interdisciplinary analysis, offering new insights into the multifaceted significance of Persian gardens in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Planning and Managing the Preservation of Historical Buildings in the Old City of Hebron Palestine

Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town — 2015 — WHE4FBC2333D6

A critical approach to preserving historical buildings in Hebron's Old Town demonstrates that detailed architectural documentation—including plans, elevations, and sections—is essential for addressing complex challenges during the planning and management of preservation projects. These challenges encompass architectural significance, future use, environmental integration, cost analysis, time constraints, and quality assurance. By leveraging expert-generated documentation, many of these issues can be systematically resolved, ensuring the sustainable transfer of heritage to future generations.

Plant–soil interactions in lower–upper montane systems and their implications in a warming world: a case study from the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, southern Africa

Maloti-Drakensberg Park — 2015 — WHEE089902353

Research in the Maloti-Drakensberg Park reveals that soil nutrient availability, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, is more constrained than previously understood due to factors like nutrient leaching, low pH, and high rainfall. Despite the presence of nutrient-rich flood basalts, these soils share strong links with the nutrient-poor Cape Floristic Region, suggesting a fragile nutrient economy vulnerable to climate change. The study highlights the treeline ecotone as a critical temperature threshold area where vegetation shifts could be readily detected, providing insights into how mountain plant communities may respond to warming conditions. This work proposes key research areas to investigate potential ecological impacts on nutrient-poor-adapted biota under future climate scenarios.

Population ecology, conservation status and genetics of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) in the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo, including an assessment of the status of spotted hyenas in southeast Gabon

Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua — 2015 — WHE80DF2A2771

A critical decline of the last remaining spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) population in Central Africa, confined to Odzala-Kokoua National Park (OKNP), Republic of Congo, is imminent due to poaching with illegal wire snares. This study reveals that the population—comprising five clans and eight transient individuals—has shrunk by nearly 50% within two years, with 11 likely deaths recorded. The hyenas' survival hinges on the abundance of key prey species like forest buffalo (Syncerus caffer nanus), red river hog (Potamocherus porcus), and bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), which dominate their diet but show minimal activity overlap, indicating high energy investment for foraging. The study also highlights the vulnerability of this isolated population to stochastic threats like disease and inbreeding. Camera trapping and acoustic monitoring of communal den sites—critical for clan survival—reveal human infrastructure disturbances as additional risks. Immediate intervention is required to prevent extinction.

Population Structure of Araucaria angustifolia in the Iguaçu National Park

Iguaçu National Park — 2015 — WHEFCF1A52BFA

Iguaçu National Park serves as a critical conservation remnant for Araucaria angustifolia, with its population structure exhibiting a standard inverted-J pattern, indicative of healthy regeneration. The study found that regenerating individuals predominantly display an aggregated distribution, while juveniles, males, and females show a uniform pattern. Regeneration is more effective in shaded environments, as higher frequencies were observed at greater canopy densities. Researchers analyzed 479 individuals across 200 plots, revealing the park's importance for the species' survival amid agricultural encroachment.

Post-colonial heritage conservation in Africa: perspectives from drystone wall restorations at Khami World Heritage site, Zimbabwe

Khami Ruins National Monument — 2015 — WHEA81B4D5DDD

Modern heritage conservation practices at Khami World Heritage site in Zimbabwe reveal a tension between indigenous beliefs and Western restoration principles. While post-colonial restorations, particularly drystone wall repairs between 2000 and 2015, preserved the site's structural integrity to avoid delisting, they disrupted local traditions that viewed Khami as a sacred resting place for ancestors with minimal human intervention. The study highlights how these compromises—balancing international conservation standards with local spiritual significance—sustain Khami's economic value as a tourist destination while acknowledging their limitations in fully aligning with indigenous practices.

Pottery manufacture in the Studenica Monastery: Preliminary considerations

Studenica Monastery — 2015 — WHE71D3F87DC2

Archaeological evidence from Studenica Monastery reveals significant insights into pottery production within the early Nemanjic state. The study identifies a dedicated pottery kiln and manufacturing area, shedding light on the organization of this craft and its role in the monastery's economy. Clay rods found at the site suggest specialized production techniques and raise questions about the users and economic significance of these findings. This research contributes to understanding the broader economic context of medieval Serbian monasteries.