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Hesitant Heritage: U.S. Bases on Okinawa and Japan's Flawed Bid for Yambaru Forest World Heritage Status

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2019 — WHE94A01C1A5F

Japan's bid to designate the Yambaru Forest as a UNESCO World Heritage Site was hindered by the presence of U.S. military bases on Okinawa Island, complicating its eligibility for natural heritage status. The study highlights how geopolitical tensions and conservation goals intersect, demonstrating that such conflicts can undermine efforts to protect significant ecological areas. The research examines Japan's 2019 nomination process, analyzing the challenges posed by the overlapping interests of military presence and biodiversity conservation in the Ryukyu archipelago.

Het huis van Europa?

Aachen Cathedral — 2019 — WHEF6B506C363

Aachen Cathedral, once a symbol of German nationalism during the Wilhelminian and Nazi eras, has transitioned into a beacon of European integration and international peace. This shift reflects broader trends in Germany's collective memory and its strategic role in European unity. The study explores how Aachen’s Carolingian heritage was recontextualized post-World War II to align with Germany’s ambition for an active role in European integration, exemplifying the internationalization of national heritage. By analyzing historical narratives and political discourse, the research demonstrates how symbols can be repurposed to serve evolving geopolitical agendas.

Hidden diversity in European bees: Andrena amieti sp. n., a new Alpine bee species related to Andrena bicolor (Fabricius, 1775) (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Andrenidae)

Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch — 2019 — WHED6F7EB03B7

A new Alpine bee species, Andrena amieti, has been identified within the UNESCO World Heritage Site 'Swiss Alps Jungfrau-Aletsch', revealing hidden diversity among European bees. Phylogenetic analysis of genetic and morphological data confirmed its distinct status alongside three other closely related species: A.montana and A.allosa. The study found that A.amieti is bivoltine, with spring and summer generations exhibiting different pollen host preferences—spring being polylectic while the summer generation favors Campanulaceae. Additionally, two divergent mitochondrial lineages coexist in sympatry within this species, suggesting potential cryptic diversity. The research also resurrected A.croatica as a valid species and elevated A.pileata to species rank, proposing that such hidden diversity may be widespread in southern European Andrena (Euandrena). An identification key for central European members of the subgenus Euandrena was provided.

Hidden potentials in Historic Cities: Soundscape in Historic Cairo as an Application

Historic Cairo — 2019 — WHE0D018361B7

Historic Cairo's soundscape, characterized by its unique auditory elements such as metal workshops, Azan (calling for prayer), children's play, and markets, holds untapped potential for defining the city's identity. This study reveals that integrating soundscape into conservation planning could preserve the essence of Historic Cairo, which is deeply tied to its economic, social, urban, cultural, and legislative contexts. The research employs a contextual integrity analysis to explore how daily, weekly, monthly, or annual activities contribute to the soundscape, aiming to propose design approaches for future conservation projects. These approaches could enhance tourism, economic, or cultural initiatives while maintaining the city's historical authenticity.

Hidden species diversity in Marcusenius moorii (Teleostei: Mormyridae) from the Congo Basin

Okapi Wildlife Reserve — 2019 — WHE2E78E2FBE3

A new species of electric fish, Marcusenius verheyenorum, has been discovered within the Okapi Wildlife Reserve and Yangambi Biosphere Reserve in the Congo Basin. This finding reveals hidden biodiversity in what was previously thought to be a single species, Marcusenius moorii. The study used morphological and genetic analyses (mtDNA, cytb) to distinguish M. verheyenorum from its congeners, identifying unique traits such as eight circumpeduncular scales, a rounded head with a terminal mouth, and a deep body with 38–43 lateral line scales. Additionally, Marcusenius lambouri, previously considered a junior synonym of M. moorii, was revalidated based on distinct morphological differences. The research also highlights the sympatric occurrence of M. moorii and M. lambouri in the middle Congo Basin while noting the potential local extinction of M. verheyenorum due to anthropogenic pressures.

Hiding in Plain Sight: Epigraphic Reuse in the Temple-Church at Aphrodisias

Aphrodisias — 2019 — WHEEC3BE04CE0

Aphrodisias' Temple-Church, originally a Roman-era temple to Aphrodite, was repurposed around 500 CE into a Christian church. During this transformation, ancient inscriptions from the temple and other sites were selectively reused within the new structure. These inscriptions, though legible to educated Greek speakers, held enduring significance for the city's civic identity, emphasizing local elites' connections with Roman rulers. The study reveals that viewing these older texts alongside late antique graffiti in the church underscores shifts in commemorative practices during Late Antiquity, highlighting a democratization of memory in early Christianity. This research approach combines architectural analysis and epigraphic documentation to interpret the layered meanings of reused inscriptions.

Hierapolis (Pamukkale)

Hierapolis-Pamukkale — 2019 — WHEE92F73EDB4

Hierapolis-Pamukkale emerges as a significant site for early Christian and Jewish history, revealing the pivotal role of family networks in the spread of Christianity. The study highlights that Philip the Evangelist, one of the first deacons, and his daughters died here, with their influence extending through the bishopric of Polycrates of Ephesus. Parallels to Jesus' family and Basil of Caesarea underscore the city's importance. Additionally, Papias, a key figure in early Christian literature, authored the 'Account of Logia about the Lord' after interviewing elders at Hierapolis, suggesting its role as a hub for early Christian tradition. The presence of a Jewish community, possibly with a dedicated quarter, and the philanthropic legacy of Glykon further illustrate the city's multicultural and religious significance during this period.

High Lability Fe Particles Sourced From Glacial Erosion Can Meet Previously Unaccounted Biological Demand: Heard Island, Southern Ocean

Heard and McDonald Islands — 2019 — WHE0D53ACC626

A significant source of bioavailable iron (Fe) in the Southern Ocean, previously unaccounted for, has been identified through glacial erosion on Heard Island. The study found that suspended particles from glacial erosion and fluvial outflow near Heard Island contain a high fraction of labile Fe (18 ± 2.8% of total Fe), sufficient to meet phytoplankton demand in the region. Researchers surveyed 11 stations around Heard and McDonald Islands, comparing particulate Fe lability using chemical leaching techniques. Unlike McDonald Island, where refractory minerals dominate, Heard Island's unique geological signature enhances Fe supply. This discovery underscores the critical role of glacial erosion in supporting the productivity of this historically highly productive region, with potential implications for future ecosystem shifts under climate change.

High Resolution Shoreline and Shelly Ridge Monitoring over Stormy Winter Events: A Case Study in the Megatidal Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel (France)

Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay — 2019 — WHE6DF7CEFF23

A strong correlation was found between significant wave height and erosion rate, ranging from 0 to 60.9 meters, during two high-energy winter events in the megatidal Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel (France). This study highlights how coastal systems respond variably to stormy conditions depending on their geomorphic features. To investigate this, researchers employed a transdisciplinary approach combining in situ wave measurements with pressure sensors, topographical data acquisition using differential GPS, and high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery analysis. The salt marsh vegetation line and the inner margin of shelly ridges served as markers for tracking shoreline evolution during the events from February 18–24, 2015, and March 19–24, 2015. This method provides critical insights into coastal vulnerability, offering a more precise understanding than regional-scale studies.

High-coverage genomes to elucidate the evolution of penguins

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2019 — WHEA94BC37609

A groundbreaking genomic study of penguins reveals that the genus Aptenodytes, which includes the emperor and king penguins, is the basal lineage to all other extant penguin genera. This challenges previous evolutionary models and sheds new light on how penguins adapted to extreme environments like Antarctica. The research presents a comprehensive dataset of 21 high-coverage genomes representing all living penguin species, providing a robust phylogenetic framework. It also introduces an international consortium focused on studying these genomes while emphasizing the importance of legal and respectful indigenous consultation, particularly for New Zealand's Taonga species. This work not only advances our understanding of penguin evolution but also offers critical insights for conservation efforts in the face of climate change.

High-resolution seismic imaging reveals infill history of a submerged Quaternary fjord system in the subantarctic Auckland Islands, New Zealand

New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands — 2019 — WHE4A97106F1C

High-resolution seismic imaging and multibeam bathymetry reveal the infill history of a submerged Quaternary fjord system off the Auckland Islands, New Zealand. The study identifies sediment-filled valleys extending offshore to depths below glacial low-stand sea level, shaped by submarine fluvial erosion and subsequently filled by lacustrine, fjord, and fluvial sediments. This discovery sheds light on the complex erosive and depositional processes in remote subantarctic environments, where surface erosion and sediment overprinting often obscure geological history.

Highlights from 10+ Years of Lichenological Research in Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Celebrating the United States National Park Service Centennial

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2019 — WHEAC469B40EE

A decade-long lichenological study in Great Smoky Mountains National Park has revealed a remarkable 129% increase in the park's known lichen diversity, expanding its checklist to 920 species. The research identified 54 endemic species to the southeastern U.S., 30 exclusive to the southern Appalachians, and eight found nowhere else but within the park. Nearly half of these lichens are infrequent, rare, or exceptionally rare, with some presumed extinct or near-extinct. The study also described five new lichen species, commemorating National Park Service staff, and proposed a new combination (Fuscopannaria frullaniae). By analyzing 6,000 field collections, the research delineated six regional biogeographical connections, providing insights into the park's unique lichen biota.

Histoire des Cévennes

The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape — 2019 — WHEE819CDE2A3

The Cévennes, a unique Mediterranean agro-pastoral landscape, stands out for its lack of political or administrative unity, remaining divided between the Gard and Lozère departments. This region's historical significance is multifaceted, marked by its role as a refuge for Protestants during the Camisard rebellion, a haven for Jews during the Holocaust, and a key player in France's Resistance movement. Its economic history, from silk cultivation to coal mining during the Industrial Revolution, further underscores its importance. Recognized by UNESCO in 2011 for its cultural, religious, literary, and geographical distinctiveness, the Cévennes exemplifies a landscape shaped by resilience, resistance, and cultural diversity. The study 'Histoire des Cévennes' by Cabanel (2019) delves into this complex history, offering insights into how this region's identity has evolved over centuries.

Historic Churches on the High Road to Taos

Taos Pueblo — 2019 — WHEBD15E4D989

Historic Churches on the High Road to Taos provides a detailed analysis of the architectural, cultural, and sensory significance of churches along the route to Taos Pueblo. The study highlights the conservation challenges faced by these structures, particularly those painted by renowned artist Pedro Antonio Fresquís, and examines the evolution of fortified plazas and fortress churches in settlements like Las Trampas. It also delves into the feast-day events and historical attitudes toward San Lorenzo churches at Picurís Pueblo, offering insights into their current maintenance and cultural relevance. The research integrates visiting information with scholarly observations, concluding with an analysis of the sculptural form and sensory qualities of San Francisco de Asís in Ranchos de Taos.

Historic Identity Transformation in Cultural Heritage Sites the Story of Orman Historical Garden in Cairo City, Egypt

Historic Cairo — 2019 — WHEDE163CEEC5

Historic Cairo's Orman Garden, established in 1873, has undergone significant identity transformation due to socio-economic forces, as revealed by a study spanning from 1873 to 2019. The research, utilizing historical analysis, field surveys, and interviews with stakeholders, identified these forces as the primary drivers behind the garden's evolving identity. While some components of the garden have been subjected to disfiguration, others have evolved to meet new demands. The study concludes with recommendations aimed at conserving and reviving the lost historical identity while embracing current challenges and trends.

Historic Landscapes and Mental Well-being

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites — 2019 — WHE69A7BADAD5

A groundbreaking approach to mental health well-being through the engagement with historic landscapes, particularly UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Stonehenge and Avebury, has emerged as a transformative strategy in archaeological resource management. This volume, stemming from the Human Henge project, demonstrates that such heritage-based initiatives can significantly contribute to health-care and wellness programs. It compiles diverse experiences and theoretical frameworks from projects across Britain and continental Europe, highlighting their potential to foster mental well-being while advancing the understanding of heritage's role in modern society.

Historical centre of Split

Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian — 2019 — WHE269BE9BC56

The Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian stands out as the best-preserved Roman imperial palace, offering a unique glimpse into ancient architecture and urban planning. Constructed between 295 and 305 CE on a peninsula near Salona, the palace's design, featuring separate buildings, outstanding sculptural work, and mosaics, diverges from traditional Roman military camps to accommodate luxurious imperial living. Despite significant transformations over 17 centuries, including the densification of Split in the twelfth century, some segments remain perfectly preserved, contributing to its status as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This study highlights the palace's enduring architectural significance and its adaptation through history.

History of taxonomic research in Singapore

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2019 — WHEA09BBA26B5

Singapore Botanic Gardens holds one of the highest plant collection densities globally, with its rich botanical history rooted in early expeditions and systematic research. The study highlights that the first potential research-oriented collections may date back to 1789, possibly by Archibald Menzies during his expedition aboard the Prince of Wales. Later, Christopher Smith's 1796 collections from Pulau Senang (then Barn Island) mark some of the earliest documented botanical efforts in Singapore. The research traces the evolution of plant taxonomy in Singapore through key collectors, their contributions, and seminal publications, emphasizing the importance of extensive fieldwork and herbarium collections in understanding regional plant diversity.

Hittites

Hattusha: the Hittite Capital — 2019 — WHEAEDC8940C8

Hattusha, the capital of the Hittite Empire, emerges as a pivotal site in understanding the political and cultural evolution of Anatolia during the Bronze Age. Archaeological evidence, particularly from Boghazkoy (modern-day Boğazköy), reveals a civilization that transitioned from fragmented city-states to a unified empire between 1700–1200 BCE. The Hittite history is divided into three distinct periods: the Old Kingdom (1700–1500 BCE), Middle Kingdom (1500–1450 BCE), and Empire (1450–1200 BCE). While the Middle Kingdom experienced a phase of relative decline, the later Empire period showcased significant state consolidation efforts, notably under King Telepinush. These findings are derived from Hittite texts and monuments, providing a comprehensive narrative of one of the earliest Indo-European civilizations in Anatolia.

Holocene and recent aeolian reactivation of the Willandra Lakes lunettes, semi-arid southeastern Australia

Willandra Lakes Region — 2019 — WHE3DB62D02BB

Indigenous populations in the Willandra Lakes Region of southeastern Australia did not abandon the area following the retreat of the lakes around 15,000 years ago, contrary to previous assumptions. Instead, they adapted to changing environmental conditions marked by aeolian reactivation and alluvial sheetwash deposition. The study reveals that arid phases, particularly in the early Holocene and the last millennium before European settlement, triggered significant aeolian activity, while recent increases in such activity correlate with pastoralism introduced by Europeans. By integrating geomorphological and archaeological data, this research challenges the narrative of human abandonment during environmental shifts and highlights the resilience of Indigenous strategies in response to a drying climate.