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A Natural Hulk: Australia’s Carceral Islands in the Colonial Period, 1788–1901

Australian Convict Sites — 2018 — WHE7767A14070

During Australia's colonial period (1788–1901), at least eleven offshore islands served as sites of punitive relocation for European convicts and Indigenous Australians, playing three critical roles: expanding territorial and commercial control through forced labor; disciplining misbehaving convicts to maintain colonial order; and expelling Indigenous populations resisting colonization. These 'colonial peripheries' functioned within a broader system of punishment that relied on mobility and distance, mirroring the flow of convicts between Britain and its Australian colonies. The study reconstructs this history through an analysis of official correspondence, revealing how carceral islands were instrumental in both governance and economic expansion.

A Neandertal foot phalanx from the Galería de las Estatuas site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain)

Archaeological Site of Atapuerca — 2018 — WHE95E17503F6

A newly discovered Neandertal foot phalanx from the Galería de las Estatuas site (Spain) represents one of the oldest Late Neandertal fossils found inland on the Iberian Peninsula, dating to 107-112 ka BP. This distal phalanx exhibits robust and broad morphology typical of Neandertals, distinguishing it from modern humans. The find was recovered in a Mousterian stratigraphic context with evidence of sporadic carnivore activity, providing critical insights into Late Pleistocene human occupation and behavior at the Sierra de Atapuerca complex. The study employed metric comparisons with fossil and recent Homo samples to confirm Neandertal affiliation, leveraging single-grain optically stimulated luminescence dating to contextualize the discovery within the broader archaeological narrative of the region.

A New Anthurium from La Amistad International Park (PILA), Panama-Costa Rica Border

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park — 2018 — WHEDA89FD9789

Researchers have identified and described a new species of Anthurium, A. jorgemendietanum, endemic to La Amistad International Park (PILA), a binational UNESCO World Heritage Site spanning Panama and Costa Rica. This discovery contributes to the rich biodiversity of PILA, which hosts 62 known Anthurium species, six of which are endemic. The study provides detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, and illustrations of the new species, while also discussing its taxonomic affinities within the genus. La Amistad International Park, covering 401,000 hectares, is notable for its diverse vascular flora, including 3,046 species and 114 Araceae species, underscoring its ecological significance.

A New Approach to the Chronology of Caves 268/272/275 in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Combining Radiocarbon Dates and Archaeological Information within a Bayesian Statistical Framework

Mogao Caves — 2018 — WHEF8B03506CB

A groundbreaking study resolves the long-standing debate on the construction chronology of three early Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes (Caves 268, 272, and 275) by determining they were built around AD 410–440, suggesting coeval rather than sequential development. This finding advances understanding of the establishment of the Mogao Grottoes, early Buddhism in the Gansu corridor, and its relationship with Central Plains Buddhism. The research integrates new radiocarbon (14C) data with existing archaeological and art historical evidence using Bayesian statistical modeling, significantly improving chronological resolution.

A New Hypothesis: The Behistun Inscription as Imperial Calendar

Bisotun — 2018 — WHEFAD00B3A13

The Behistun Inscription, traditionally recognized for its narrative of Darius I's ascent to power, is proposed as an imperial calendar marking historical victories and commemorations. This study reveals that the inscription not only synchronized Persian and Babylonian calendars but also served as a foundational tool for annual victory celebrations, drawing parallels with similar practices in Mesopotamia and Judea. The research examines the internal chronography of the inscription, its stability across the Achaemenid Empire, and evidence of anniversary celebrations, suggesting it played a role in institutionalizing battle commemorations.

A new record of the lesser-known butterfly Small Woodbrown Lethe nicetella de Nicéville, 1887 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Kangchendzonga National Park, Sikkim, India

Khangchendzonga National Park — 2018 — WHEFC9414649A

A rare butterfly, the Small Woodbrown Lethe nicetella, has been sighted in Khangchendzonga National Park, India, after a 120-year absence. Originally described by de Nicéville in 1887 based on historical collections, this species had no confirmed sightings since 1888 until its recent rediscovery. The study provides the first photographic evidence of a live individual and reviews historical records to confirm its presence in Sikkim. This finding suggests that similar cryptic taxa may exist, warranting further morphological and molecular exploration. The research bridges a significant gap in biodiversity documentation, highlighting the importance of field observations in understanding species distribution.

A new rhynchosaur maxillary tooth plate morphotype expands the disparity of the group in the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic) of Northwestern Argentina

Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks — 2018 — WHE716EF509EA

A new rhynchosaur maxillary tooth plate morphotype, discovered in the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic) of Northwestern Argentina, significantly expands the known morphological disparity of hyperodapedontine rhynchosaurs. This specimen, PVL 2728, features a unique combination of traits: a single longitudinal groove dividing symmetric lateral and medial tooth-bearing areas with relatively large tooth crowns, which deviates from previously documented South American rhynchosaurs. Quantitative analyses confirm its distinctiveness, suggesting a greater diversity in the group during the Late Triassic period. This finding challenges existing understanding of rhynchosaur evolution and distribution within southwestern Pangaea.

A new species Rubia urceolata (Rubiaceae: Rubieae) from Shennongjia National Park, central China

Hubei Shennongjia — 2018 — WHE7BA704A358

Researchers have identified and described Rubia urceolata, a new plant species endemic to Shennongjia National Park, Hubei Province, central China. This discovery adds to the region's unique biodiversity, particularly within the Rubiaceae family. The species is characterized by its sub-orbicular to ovate leaves and mericarp berry, which may initially resemble those of Rubia ovatifolia. However, distinct morphological features—such as its urceolate corolla, longer corolla tube (1.3–2 mm), and purplish red flower lobes—clearly differentiate it from its close relative. The study provides detailed morphological comparisons to support this identification, contributing new insights into the flora of Shennongjia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site renowned for its ecological significance.

A new stygobiont species of Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) from caves on Socotra Island (Yemen), with notes on the genus

Socotra Archipelago — 2018 — WHE1963E1CABF

Researchers have identified a new species of stygobiont atyid shrimp, Halocaridinides, from the caves of Socotra Island, Yemen. This discovery marks the first atyid shrimp found in the Socotra Archipelago and the second species of this genus recorded from an Indian Ocean island. Unlike other Halocaridinides, this species inhabits non-anchialine environments, including subterranean brackish and freshwater systems. The new species exhibits notable morphological variability, with two distinct types: slender (tenuis) and robust (robustus). These variations may suggest local speciation or phenotypic plasticity. The study also provides an amended genus diagnosis and a key to all known Halocaridinides species, contributing to the understanding of their Indo-Pacific distribution and evolutionary origins.

A Newfound from Mansourabad Behbehan Based on Archaeological Surveys

Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region — 2018 — WHEF10DA3F328

An archaeological survey in the Mansourabad region of Behbehan, Iran, identified 55 previously unknown sites spanning from prehistory to the Late Islamic Period, with a notable concentration during the Middle Islamic Period. These sites include mounds, sherd/flint scatters, hill-top sites, caves, and standing structures such as shrines, water-mills, fortresses, and settlement structures. The survey, conducted in 2007 using GPS and random surface material collection, aimed to mitigate risks to ancient sites during seismic prospection by the Iranian Oil Company. The findings highlight the region's potential for tracking cultural interactions between Khuzestan and Fars, particularly in prehistoric times. This research contributes to a broader understanding of the Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region, building on previous studies and ongoing systematic investigations.

A novel method for assessing the chromatic integration of architecture in theKsourianlandscape of M'zab Valley, Algeria

M'Zab Valley — 2018 — WHE0CD888A616

Research reveals that the Ksourian landscape of M’zab Valley, Algeriaexhibits strong chromatic integration between urban settlements and natural surroundings. This study used the Natural Color System (NCS) to analyze color palettes from both landscapes, identifying perceptual similarities through NCS nominal and relation identities. Findings highlight the unique chromatic character of the Ksourian landscape as a key heritage value, with potential applications in urban restoration processes.

A Numerical Landslide-Tsunami Hazard Assessment Technique Applied on Hypothetical Scenarios at Es Vedrà, Offshore Ibiza

Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture — 2018 — WHE0DC24AEB5F

A numerical landslide-tsunami hazard assessment technique demonstrates that tsunamis generated by hypothetical landslides at Es Vedrà, offshore Ibiza, decay rapidly with distance. Simulations show that while a 133-meter-high tsunami could reach 14.2 meters offshore Cala d’Hort (3 km away), its maximum run-up height would exceed 21.5 meters. In contrast, the wave height and inundation depth at Marina de Formentera (23 km away) are significantly smaller, at 2.7 meters and 1.2 meters, respectively. The study employs a hybrid modeling approach combining smoothed particle hydrodynamics for violent wave generation with SWASH for less computationally intensive offshore simulations, incorporating bottom friction and frequency dispersion. This technique supports site-specific landslide-tsunami hazard assessments, offering a framework for future investigations of real-world cases.

A paisagem de São Salvador do Congo e o discurso colonial português frente a Conferência de Berlim (1884-1885)

Mbanza Kongo, Vestiges of the Capital of the former Kingdom of Kongo — 2018 — WHE848FD10104

This study reveals how the Portuguese colonial landscape of São Salvador do Congo (modern-day Mbanza Kongo, Angola) was strategically constructed to legitimize Portugal's territorial claims during the late 19th-century Scramble for Africa. By analyzing colonial narratives and archaeological evidence, researchers demonstrate that the city's landscape—marked by structures of power and religious significance—served as a symbolic tool to assert dominance over the southern Congo region. The findings highlight how Portuguese discourse, particularly in the context of the Berlin Conference (1884-1885), framed the site as a testament to historical achievements, reinforcing socio-political control while erasing indigenous histories. This approach underscores the intersection of colonial power dynamics and material culture in shaping Africa's political boundaries.

A Path to Masada

Masada — 2018 — WHE189CA01BFB

A six-month ethnographic study at Masada National Park reveals that the meaning and significance of the site for tourists stem more from their interactions with one another than from the mythical narratives surrounding it. The research, conducted through participant observation during Youth Israel Experience Tours, challenges conventional interpretations by analyzing both the tour structure and post-tourist practices. Footnotes serve as a critical lens, offering dialectical responses that question and reinterpret the tour experience. This approach highlights the dynamic relationship between collective tourist behavior and place-making, providing new insights into how shared experiences shape cultural significance.

A Phytosociological of Plant Communities and Biodiversity in the East-South of Idna Village-Hebron of Palestine

Hebron/Al-Khalil Old Town — 2018 — WHEE390A9ECFD

A phytosociological study of the Idna-Hebron region in Palestine identifies three distinct forest types, each characterized by unique plant communities and high levels of endemism. The research reveals that 20.83% of the 48 species recorded are endemic, with the Pino halepensis-Quercetum lookii association being particularly notable for its inframediterranean dry-thermomediterranean environment. The study also proposes three new plant associations and two alliances based on statistical and phytosociological analyses, contributing to the understanding of biodiversity in this region. The research employs the Braun-Blanquet method to analyze 17 vegetation plots across the area, which includes the Abu Salman Forest Reserve, Khallet Osman mountains, and Hamra Aslimi.

A Practical Approach to an Automated Accounting System Development of the Study Results of Historical and Architectural Sites of the Island of Sviyazhsk

Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk — 2018 — WHE8BD36526DB

An automated system has been developed to streamline the documentation, monitoring, and analysis of restoration efforts for the 16th-century Assumption Cathedral and Monastery in Sviyazhsk. This innovative approach integrates a knowledge base for damage assessment, protective measures, and scientific research with a visualization module featuring 2D and 3D models of the site, including sampling locations. The system also tracks environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity over time, ensuring comprehensive monitoring and control. Additionally, a physical sample database is established to catalog samples with unique identifiers, including details on location, date, and storage. This unified information system aims to centralize all periodic and current observations, enhancing the preservation and study of this historically significant architectural ensemble.

A Probe into Islamic Sources versus Terrorism Attacks on Cultural Heritages

Ancient City of Aleppo — 2018 — WHE2146F8A9CF

Terrorist groups, such as ISIL, exploit Islamic narratives to justify their actions while systematically destroying cultural heritage sites, including UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Ancient City of Aleppo. Despite claiming affiliation with Islam, these groups have been responsible for significant damage to religious and historical landmarks, such as the minaret of the Great Mosque of Aleppo and ancient temples in Palmyra, since 2014. The study highlights a contradiction between ISIL's self-proclaimed Islamic identity and their deliberate destruction of cultural relics, raising questions about the authenticity of their religious claims. This research exposes the strategic use of cultural heritage as a target to achieve political goals, contrasting with Islamic principles that emphasize preservation. The analysis relies on documented cases of destruction in Syria and Iraq, underscoring the urgent need for international safeguarding efforts.

A proconsulship “on the cheap.” General Gouraud in Syria (1919-1923)

Ancient City of Damascus — 2018 — WHE6D63D3CCD9

General Henri Gouraud's proconsulship in Syria (1919–1923) revealed the tension between colonial ambitions and post-war diplomatic realities, marked by the Sykes-Picot Agreement's dominance over earlier Arab-British pacts. Despite Gouraud's reputation for maintaining cordial relations with British commanders, his mission to establish French authority in Syria was constrained by shifting political dynamics, including the League of Nations' mandate system and the rise of Arab nationalism under Faisal. The study highlights how France's post-war policy, under Millerand, prioritized collaboration with Turkish nationalists over Arab independence, leading to a Pyrrhic victory for Gouraud. His tenure underscored the transition from direct colonial rule to indirect influence, challenging the 'colonial humanism' promoted by French officials.

A produção do espaço urbano na Redução Jesuítica São Miguel Arcanjo e seus reflexos no processo de urbanização de São Miguel das Missões (RS-BR)

Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) — 2018 — WHE5CC54D79F5

The urban planning of the Jesuit Mission of São Miguel Arcanjo in 18th-century Brazil significantly influenced the spatial development and social dynamics of modern São Miguel das Missões. Research reveals that the mission's design fostered racial segregation, economic disparity among rural elites, and enduring urban patterns still visible today. The study analyzed historical documents, urban plans, and interviews with local officials to trace how the mission's layout—originally intended for indigenous Guarani communities—shaped the city's structure, perpetuating social inequalities. This work underscores the lasting impact of colonial-era spatial organization on contemporary urbanization in the region.

A rare, articulated sturgeon (Chondrostei: Acipenseriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada

Dinosaur Provincial Park — 2018 — WHE68631D7257

A rare, articulated sturgeon fossil from the Upper Cretaceous of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, has been identified as a new genus and species, †Anchiacipenser acanthaspis. This discovery is significant because articulated sturgeon skeletons are uncommon in North American Upper Cretaceous deposits. The specimen, preserved with a skull and anterior half to two-thirds of the body, exhibits unique diagnostic features such as strongly ornamented dermal cranial bones, large dorsal scutes with median spines, and extensive smaller scales on the flanks. Phylogenetic analysis confirms its placement within the Acipenseridae family, though its exact relationships remain unclear. This finding contributes to our understanding of sturgeon evolution during the Late Cretaceous period.