World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 103

The Importance of Organizational Collaborative Strategic Actions of Independent Actors in Enhancing the Potential of Tourism Destination Management

City of Safranbolu — 2024 — WHE4423F670CA

Collaborative strategic actions among independent actors in Safranbolu, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and major tourism destination, significantly enhance the city's tourism potential. However, current stakeholder coordination falls short of expected effectiveness, as revealed by qualitative interviews. This study underscores the need for improved collaboration and strategic development to optimize Safranbolu's tourism management, benefiting both local communities and global visitors.

The Importance of Social Sustainability for Conserving Cultural Heritage in Southern Algeria: A Case Study of the M'Zab Valley

M'Zab Valley — 2024 — WHEF3E9EE093F

A study on the M'Zab Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in southern Algeria, reveals that social sustainability is critical for preserving its cultural heritage. The research found that residents highly value 'quality of housing,' with only 5-7% expressing a desire to relocate or change residences. Using a case study approach, the authors surveyed 200 households across two fortified villages (Ksour) in Al-Atteuf and Beni-Isguen, assessing indicators such as social networking, safety, sense of attachment, and quality of life. The findings highlight both the strengths and challenges faced by the Mozabite community, particularly in the context of rapid social and cultural changes. This work underscores the importance of integrating social sustainability into conservation strategies to safeguard intangible and tangible heritage.

The Importance of Using BIM in Documenting Historical Buildings in Syria after The Earthquake – Case study (Department of Immigration -Old City of Aleppo)

Ancient City of Aleppo — 2024 — WHE1E4FC89A77

A new integrated Historical Building Information Modeling (HBIM) framework has been developed to address challenges in the restoration and management of historical buildings, particularly after the devastating earthquake that struck Syria on February 6, 2023. The proposed framework leverages BIM technology to enhance digital documentation, improve project management efficiency, and foster interoperability among stakeholders. By transitioning from traditional techniques to a more integrated and digitized approach, the study demonstrates significant potential for better information integration and communication, ultimately supporting the preservation of heritage assets like the Department of Immigration in the Old City of Aleppo.

The Importance of Wetland Science for the Success of the D-Day Landings

Beaches of the D-Day Landings, Normandy, 1944 — 2024 — WHE56A2980928

Wetland science played a pivotal role in the success of the D-Day landings during World War II, with Allied wetland scientists' analysis of coastal peatlands significantly influencing operational planning. Concerns about beach stability due to extensive peat deposits were addressed through covert surveys by the Combined Operations Pilotage Parties (COPP), which collected critical substrate samples under challenging conditions. These missions identified suitable landing zones by assessing sediment composition and bearing capacities, directly impacting strategic decision-making. The study highlights the interdisciplinary integration of scientific expertise with military strategy, emphasizing how wetland science contributed to one of history's defining battles.

The Influence of Cultural Heritage Travel Experiences on Well-being: Mediating and Moderating Role of Daily Escapism and Awareness

Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple — 2024 — WHEC12550AEC8

Travelers' well-being is significantly enhanced through cultural heritage experiences, particularly when these experiences facilitate daily escapism. A study analyzing data from 509 travelers visiting sites like Bulguksa Temple and Seokguram Grotto in Gyeongju found that sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioral, and relational aspects of travel—frame by Schmitt's (1999) Strategic Experiential Modules (SEMs)—positively impact well-being. Daily escapism acted as a mediator, strengthening the link between travel experiences and well-being, while mindfulness did not moderate this relationship. The findings suggest that designing travel programs to emphasize escapism could be an effective strategy for improving travelers' psychological benefits.

The influence of Italian architectural traditions on the formation of the appearance of the Suyumbike tower of the Kazan Kremlin

Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin — 2024 — WHE8BD1AB3EC9

A cultural and historical synthesis reveals that the Suyumbike Tower of the Kazan Kremlin incorporated elements of Italian Renaissance architecture, reimagined through Russian design. This finding is supported by biographical evidence linking renowned architects Aristotle Fioravanti and Pietro Antonio Solari, who migrated from Italy to Russia in the 17th century, with their influence on the tower's architectural concept. The study compares historical iconography with modern reconstructions, demonstrating the productivity of blending Italian and Eastern styles under Russian architectural thought.

The Influence of Local Climatic Factors and Water Vapor Transport from North Atlantic Ocean on Winter Snow-Cover Variation on Western Kunlun Mountains and Eastern Pamir Plateau

Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) — 2024 — WHE501E132E1D

Winter snow cover days (SCD) have significantly increased at a rate of 4.75 days per decade on the Western Kunlun Mountains and Eastern Pamir Plateau (KMPP), contrasting with a decline on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). This counterintuitive trend is driven primarily by rising precipitation—over 97% of the increase in SCD—rather than temperature changes, which remain negligible. Unlike the TP, where both warming temperatures and reduced precipitation contribute to shrinking snow cover, the KMPP’s unique pattern stems from increased moisture transport linked to warming sea surface temperatures (SST) in the northern North Atlantic Ocean. Remote sensing data, ERA5 reanalysis, and the FLEXPART model reveal that enhanced water vapor transport from this region explains the abnormal SCD increase, offering insights into the 'Western Kunlun Mountains Oddity' in glacial change.

The Influences of Perceived Value Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty on Historical Park Ayutthaya in Post Covid-19

Historic City of Ayutthaya — 2024 — WHEB14435BC0A

A study on the Historic City of Ayutthaya reveals that customer satisfaction is a critical factor influencing loyalty among visitors to historical parks, particularly in the post-Covid-19 era. The research found no significant impact of physical environment or peripheral services on satisfaction levels. Using a hybrid methodology combining questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with 386 visitors, the study employed descriptive statistics and path analysis to validate its model, achieving excellent fit indices (X²=78.587, df=103, p=0.965; RMSEA=0.000, CFI=1.000). These findings suggest that enhancing customer satisfaction could be a strategic focus for improving service quality management in historical tourism destinations like Ayutthaya.

The Integration of Kansei Engineering and Kano Model on Natural Language Processing (NLP) to Support Development of Service Product in the Borobudur Temple Tourism

Borobudur Temple Compounds — 2024 — WHE1C55021CB0

A novel integration of Natural Language Processing (NLP), Kansei Engineering, and the Kano model identified critical service quality attributes to enhance visitor satisfaction at Borobudur Temple Compounds. Analyzing TripAdvisor data, researchers extracted key sentiments such as 'exit,' 'morning,' 'temple,' 'sunrise,' and 'heat,' alongside unlisted but necessary factors like ticket pricing, elephant enclosure management, and pamphlets. The study revealed two primary areas for improvement: the distance between facilities and the management of the elephant cage, both deemed unenjoyable by visitors. This approach offers a data-driven strategy to optimize tourism services at this UNESCO World Heritage Site, balancing visitor expectations with operational efficiency.

The Interconnection between Climate Cycles and Geohazards in Urban Areas of the Tourist Island of Mallorca, Spain

Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana — 2024 — WHE0047F4A0B9

A strong correlation exists between climate cycles and geohazards such as landslides and flash floods in Mallorca, Spain. The study identifies that the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), and sunspot activity significantly influence rainfall patterns, which in turn trigger these hazards. Spectral analysis techniques revealed that QBO, with its higher frequency, is particularly notable as it appears embedded within other cycles during periods of heightened ENSO, NAO, and sunspot values. The research also highlights that urban areas like Palma and Calvià, along with the central and eastern parts of the island, are highly vulnerable to intense rainfall and its consequences. This finding underscores the need for targeted risk management strategies in these regions.

The Journey to Emmaus

Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex — 2024 — WHEAB0C5D1369

A rare 16th-century engraving, 'The Journey to Emmaus' by Jan Sadeler I after Maarten de Vos (1582), held in the Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex, offers a unique visual narrative of Christ's life, presented to the Chinese Emperor. This work exemplifies the fusion of European artistic techniques with Eastern patronage, providing insight into the cultural exchange and artistic diplomacy of the period. The engraving, measuring 250x199mm, is part of a broader collection that highlights the Plantin-Moretus family's historical significance in Antwerp. The study analyzes this artwork through iconographic and stylistic lenses, revealing its role as both an artistic masterpiece and a diplomatic artifact.

The landscape nexus

Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape — 2024 — WHE3A04EF3C43

Landscape has emerged as a dynamic concept in heritage conservation, integrating history, nature, and contemporary life. The study highlights how landscapes—ranging from designed to associative forms—have been central to human culture across civilizations, from ancient frescoes to modern cultural landscapes like Mapungubwe in South Africa. It traces the evolution of landscape understanding through art, geography, and UNESCO's World Heritage Convention, which expanded recognition to include regions shaped by human activity. The research underscores a shift toward valuing holistic landscapes, exemplified by diverse sites such as Tongariro in New Zealand and wine-producing regions like Italy’s Langhe-Roero. Initiatives like the European Landscape Convention and LALI reflect growing efforts to preserve these multifaceted heritage spaces.

The landscape of the monastic endeavour: The choices of St Sava of Serbia

Studenica Monastery — 2024 — WHEF173AE1BA0

St. Sava of Serbia's selection of monastic sites reflects a profound integration of Byzantine eremitic tradition and personal monastic experience, shaping the landscape of monastic life through distinct conceptual embodiments. His choices gave physical form to two key landscapes: the Karyes kellion in Hilandar, representing the 'locus amoenus' or pleasant place, and the cave hermitages in Studenica and Mileseva monasteries, embodying the 'locus horridus' or harsh place. This study reveals how these selections were methodically grounded, drawing on contemporary landscape studies to analyze the intentional design behind monastic environments. The research underscores Sava's mastery of monastic tradition and its practical application, offering insights into the interplay between spiritual practice and physical landscape in medieval monasticism.

The large‐scale restoration of fire and water regimes in Everglades National Park reveal little change in plant diversity along an elevational gradient

Everglades National Park — 2024 — WHEAC54DFD6AD

Despite significant restoration efforts aimed at restoring natural fire and water regimes in the Everglades National Park, no systematic shifts in plant diversity or composition have been observed along an elevational gradient. The study, conducted between 1997–1999 and 2024, resampled transects spanning from seasonally inundated marl prairie to frequently burned pine rockland on Long Pine Key. Researchers used generalized linear mixed models to analyze the effects of fire frequency, water depth, and elevation on plant species richness and composition. While no overall changes were detected, complex interactions between fire and water were found to structure plant communities, maximizing species richness under varying conditions: low burn frequencies in wet sites, moderate frequencies in moderately wet sites, and high frequencies in dry sites.

The Last of the Great Auks: Oral History and Ritual Killings at St Kilda

St Kilda — 2024 — WHEC698037EDD

Historical accounts of the great auk's extinction suggest that two individuals were ritually killed at St Kilda, one on Hirta and another on Stac an Armin, likely between 1840-1850. This study evaluates three conflicting narratives from a deeply Christian community, concluding that ritual avicide was practiced during a period of social upheaval following the Disruption of 1843, when the island's minister left. The research combines oral history analysis with historical context to argue for the plausibility of two killings rather than one, while also noting a potential sighting in 1890.

The Last Supper: The Washing of Feet

Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex — 2024 — WHE7FEB947FD6

A rare 16th-century engraving, The Last Supper: The Washing of Feet (ca. 1575), by Theodore Galle and Philippe Galle after Joannes Stradanus, offers a unique visual interpretation of Christ's humility in the Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex. This work, part of an illustrated Life of Christ, stands out for its intricate engraving technique and thematic depth, blending religious narrative with artistic innovation. The study highlights its significance within Antwerp’s printmaking tradition, particularly its role in depicting biblical scenes with precision and emotional resonance. The analysis reveals how the engraving reflects the era's religious and cultural dynamics while advancing technical mastery in print production.

The Liebling Haus

White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement — 2024 — WHE76AD70410E

The Liebling Haus, a landmark in Tel Aviv's White City, exemplifies the locally adapted International Style with its bright facades and climate-responsive design. Restored between 2015 and 2019 by Israeli and German experts, it now serves as a multidisciplinary cultural and research center. This first monograph since its reopening provides comprehensive historical and archival material, alongside contemporary interviews and atmospheric photography by Yael Schmidt, offering insights into its architecture, restoration, and evolving use.

The life and writing activities of Yu Yu-heon(由由軒) Namgyeop(南礏)

Namhansanseong — 2024 — WHE55173BDDB1

Yu Yu-heon Namgyeop's writings, including the 'Soldier’s Diary' and 'Byeong Jeong Diary,' offer invaluable insights into the Manchu War era (1636) and the intellectual perceptions of that time. His detailed records, spanning battlefield dynamics, weaponry, and political turmoil, transcend conventional loyalty narratives, providing a nuanced view of historical events. Additionally, his practical research on sericulture, documented in 'Jammongyoeo,' reflects a proactive approach to stabilizing post-war livelihoods. This study highlights Namgyeop's dual contribution: as a chronicler of war-era experiences and an innovator in agricultural technology, bridging historical documentation with applied science.

The Location of the Colossus

Medieval City of Rhodes — 2024 — WHE4658E33C9B

The Colossus of Rhodes, long believed to straddle the harbor, was likely positioned on a hilltop near the Palace of the Grand Master of the Order of Saint John. This conclusion challenges the medieval myth and aligns with an epigram on its base, which described it as 'crowning' the city. The study evaluates all existing hypotheses, emphasizing that the Colossus's location would have been visible from the Asian mainland, reinforcing its symbolic significance. Historical evidence suggests this hill also hosted the sanctuary of Helios, further supporting its plausibility.

The Lübeck Magistrate 1594 Open Letters from the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents

Hanseatic City of Lübeck — 2024 — WHE9E0D340A7D

A rare collection of 16 open letters from the Lübeck City Council, dated 1594 and preserved in the Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents, sheds light on the Russian-Hanseatic trade dynamics following the Livonian War (1558–1583) and preceding the Trade Peace Agreement of 1603. These letters, issued to Hanseatic merchants traveling to Russia, served as certifications of goods' Hanseatic origin, providing critical insights into commodity exchange rules and German merchant privileges in Russian markets. The study reveals that these merchants were closely connected to Lübeck’s ‘Novgorod guests’ (Nowgorodfahrer), a prominent commercial association that played a pivotal role in late medieval and early modern trade between Russia and the Hansa. By comparing these letters with similar documents from Tallinn City Archives, researchers identified key features of this trade relationship, including possessory signs used by merchants. The analysis highlights the significance of archival materials in reconstructing economic interactions during this transitional period.

The Management of the M'Zab Valley World Heritage Site: Legal Issues and Stakeholder Coordination

M'Zab Valley — 2024 — WHE455BE46E0E

A study on the M'Zab Valley, a UNESCO World Heritage site, reveals significant governance challenges that hinder effective heritage preservation amid rapid urbanization. Key issues include gaps in steering mechanisms, poor coordination among stakeholders, and skill deficits. The research combines regulatory framework analysis with stakeholder interviews to propose a new governance model aimed at optimizing site management while addressing contemporary urban development pressures.

The Mantle Transition Zone Structure Beneath the Pamir Plateau and Western Tian Shan and Adjacent Regions

Western Tien-Shan — 2024 — WHEF4E2411147

A significant depression of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) beneath the Pamir Plateau and western Tian Shan, revealed through analysis of 42,560 P-wave receiver functions from 352 seismic stations, provides evidence for a fossil Tian Shan plume linked to Late Cretaceous–Paleocene basaltic magmatism. The study found a 15–20 km depression of the 410-km discontinuity (d410) beneath the southern Kazakh Shield, consistent with mantle upwelling, while an 8 km depression beneath western Tian Shan suggests subhorizontal lithospheric indentation rather than deep subduction. Additionally, a 10–15 km d410 depression beneath Tarim indicates mantle upwelling from below, and extreme d660 depression (25–30 km) in the central Hindu Kush points to deep Indian lithosphere subduction, highlighting distinct collision mechanisms between regions.

The Many Care Worlds a Butterfly Crosses

Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve — 2024 — WHE8312ED4E38

This study reveals the contrasting care practices for monarch butterflies, highlighting tensions between northern conservation efforts led by volunteers and southern approaches rooted in Indigenous and mestizo communities. The research demonstrates that while northern conservation relies on voluntary habitat creation and economic contributions, southern residents experience this as a top-down imposition, emphasizing forest relations instead. Through ethnographic data, the study explores how these differing care worlds intersect with colonial dynamics, illustrating distinct perceptions of urgency in conserving nature. It contributes to the 'one planet, many worlds' debate by examining how a disappearing butterfly confronts and constitutes different conservation ideologies.

The marine conservation deposits of Monte San Giorgio (Switzerland, Italy): the prototype of Triassic black shale Lagerstätten

Monte San Giorgio — 2024 — WHE9E768056F2

Monte San Giorgio's marine conservation deposits, renowned for their exceptional fossil preservation, have been classified as the prototype of Triassic black shale Lagerstätten. A comparative analysis of 45 global Phanerozoic and Ediacaran black shale-type Lagerstätten, using principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses, revealed four distinct groups: Burgess type (early Palaeozoic), Monte San Giorgio type (Triassic), Holzmaden type (pyrite-rich black shales), and Solnhofen type (platy limestones). This study highlights the unique characteristics of Monte San Giorgio's deposits, including sedimentary facies, genesis, and fossil content, setting a new benchmark for understanding Triassic marine ecosystems. The findings underscore the significance of these deposits in paleobiological research.

The medieval bronze doors of San Zeno, Verona: combining material analyses and art history

City of Verona — 2024 — WHED397E8197A

Scientific analysis confirms that the medieval bronze doors of San Zeno, Verona, were crafted by at least two distinct workshops during the 12th century. Using non-invasive techniques—portable ED-XRF spectroscopy and optical microscopy—the study identified distinct alloy compositions in the metal plates, aligning with art historical interpretations. The doors, primarily composed of leaded tin-bronze and leaded brass, are mounted on a wooden structure made mainly of spruce and oak. High-resolution orthophotos and 3D models further documented their construction. This research bridges material science and art history, providing empirical support for stylistic analyses while advancing our understanding of medieval metallurgy.

The Medieval Stained Glass of Durham Cathedral

Durham Castle and Cathedral — 2024 — WHED0783915E0

Durham Cathedral's medieval stained glass, once extensive, has largely vanished over time, following a pattern observed in churches nationwide. This study highlights the limited survival of such glazing, offering insights into its historical significance and decline. The research employs a comparative approach to analyze the remaining fragments, contextualizing them within broader trends of medieval art preservation and loss. By examining Durham Cathedral's unique collection, the authors provide a critical perspective on the challenges faced in maintaining and studying medieval stained glass across different ecclesiastical sites.

The Medina of Tunis, a Heritage Model for Urban Sustainability

Medina of Tunis — 2024 — WHEF5B4DAE0FD

The Medina of Tunis stands out as a model for urban sustainability, demonstrating how traditional heritage and morphology can enhance thermal comfort while preserving cultural significance. Safa Achour's study evaluates the medina's design and outdoor thermal conditions to provide actionable recommendations for urban planning. By integrating historical architecture with modern sustainability practices, this research offers a blueprint for balancing heritage conservation with social vitality in globalized urban landscapes.

The Memory of a Fish: New Approach Towards Chronology and Primary Content of Ayla-Axum Amphorae

Aksum — 2024 — WHECF48E2497C

Ayla-Axum amphorae, long debated for their chronology and contents, now have a defined typo-chronological framework. This study establishes the first comprehensive timeline for these vessels, leveraging pottery evidence from Berenike and Khirbet eḏ-Ḏarīḥ, alongside zooarchaeological findings. It identifies the most probable original content of these amphorae and integrates their distribution patterns across the Red Sea region (Southern Transjordan to Southern Arabia). The research extends beyond traditional amphorae analysis to include other transport forms originating from Ayla/Aqaba kilns, providing a holistic view of trade and exchange in this historic area.

The Middle Triassic palaeontomofauna of Monte San Giorgio with the description of Merithone laetitiae (†Permithonidae) gen. et sp. nov.

Monte San Giorgio — 2024 — WHE9B559F5CD8

A new species of Permithonid insect, Merithone laetitiae gen. et sp. nov., has been described from the Middle Triassic palaeontomofauna of Monte San Giorgio, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the world's nine main insect Fossillagerstätten. This discovery is significant as it contributes to understanding the evolutionary impact of the end-Permian mass extinction on insects. The study reviews 273 fossil insects from five localities at Monte San Giorgio, notable for their exceptional preservation, including extraordinary sizes and phosphatisation revealing fine internal details. Among these, Val Mara site VM 12 contains 248 specimens, many of which are small to medium-sized and nearly intact, preserving intricate features like setae on wings and compound eyes. These fossils represent critical first or last occurrences for their lineages, providing valuable data to calibrate phylogenomic dating analyses. This has led to the backdating of origins for several insect lineages, including Diptera and Heteroptera.

The migration history of the Kamchatka rhododendron (Therorhodion camtschaticum s.l.) indicates two distinct dispersal routes towards Eastern Beringia

Central Sikhote-Alin — 2024 — WHE84883CE7CB

New research reveals that the Kamchatka rhododendron (Therorhodion camtschaticum s.l.) split into two distinct species, each following separate migration routes from western Beringia to eastern Beringia during ancient times. The study used genetic analysis of 33 populations, including plastid DNA and nuclear microsatellites, to identify these lineages. One lineage, Therorhodion glandulosum, migrated northward through East Asia to northern Alaska, while the other, T. camtschaticum, took a southern path via the Sikhote-Alin ridge, Sakhalin Island, and the Kuril Islands before reaching the Aleutian Islands and southeast Alaska. The divergence between these species predates the Last Glacial Maximum, suggesting a complex evolutionary history shaped by historical climate shifts.

The Military Orders and the Ransoming of Captives from Islam (Twelfth to Early Fourteenth Centuries)

Crac des Chevaliers and Qal’at Salah El-Din — 2024 — WHE5AD665F0CD

A study of the Military Orders' interactions with Muslim rulers from the 12th to early 14th centuries reveals that while captives were often executed, there were significant instances where safe-conduct was granted. The research, based on historical accounts, shows that the fate of captured brethren varied depending on circumstances, such as sieges or battlefield conditions. Notable examples include the execution of Templar and Hospitaller prisoners after the battle of Hattin in 1187, yet also instances where safe-conduct was negotiated, such as during the surrender of Crac des Chevaliers in 1271. The study highlights the inconsistent treatment of captives, influenced by factors like military strategy and political dynamics.

The modern house: conservation and (re)use through the narrative approach

Tugendhat Villa in Brno — 2024 — WHEAFFFCE9E3D

A narrative approach to heritage conservation offers a promising balance between preserving modern houses' historical integrity and enabling adaptive reuse, addressing the challenges posed by modernity's ephemeral nature. This study evaluates four iconic modern houses—Villa Tugendhat in Brno (frozen as a museum), Chabot Museum in Rotterdam (refunctioned as an art museum), Haus Schminke in Löbau (used as a guest house), and Maison Guiette in Antwerp (still in residential use)—using criteria such as significance, reversibility, expandability, and craftsmanship. The analysis reveals that while the narrative approach may introduce subjectivity or dilute valuations, it effectively sustains multifaceted historical perspectives and accommodates future changes without compromising core heritage values. This cross-case study provides actionable insights for theorizing the adaptive conservation of modernist architecture, ensuring its relevance for both contemporary and future contexts.

The monitoring of cultural heritage sites using digital twins

Choirokoitia — 2024 — WHE609EACA460

Digital twins offer a transformative approach for monitoring and preserving cultural heritage sites, providing dynamic visualization to track changes caused by natural hazards and climate change. This study highlights their potential as tools for documentation, monitoring, and management, with case studies demonstrating their application in real-world scenarios. Notably, the TRIQUETRA project uses Choirokoitia, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the best-preserved Neolithic settlements in the Mediterranean, to assess the impact of climate change and natural hazards on cultural heritage. Additionally, digital twins were employed during archaeological excavations at Panagia Karmiotissa church, a 14th-century site, under the EXCELSIOR project. These examples showcase the versatility and effectiveness of digital twins in safeguarding cultural heritage through advanced techniques.

The Monreale Capitals and the Military Equipment of Later Norman Sicily

Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalú and Monreale — 2024 — WHEA56B4A8D5D

The Monreale Capitals, carved between 1174 and 1182 AD, represent the final installment of a significant series of Italo-Norman military sculptures. These capitals, part of the Monreale Cathedral cloister in Sicily, showcase intricate Romanesque art with notable Islamic influences, distinguishing them from similar works across Italy and southern France. The study highlights their role as a visual record of military equipment used during the later Norman period in Sicily, providing insights into the region's cultural and artistic evolution. By comparing these capitals to earlier collections, such as those at San Nicola in Bari (1099–1106 AD) and La Martorana in Palermo (1140–1143 AD), the research underscores the progression of military representation in Sicilian sculpture.

The morphology of urban tourism space (case: Malioboro Main Street as cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta city, Indonesia)

The Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks — 2024 — WHE54F7F6A6CF

Malioboro Main Street, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, exhibits distinct urban tourism space morphology characterized by centered, linear, and scattered patterns. These patterns define zones for shopping, cultural experiences, and cuisine, influencing the type of tourism offered—cultural, shopping, or culinary. The study employed qualitative grounded theory, typo-morphological analysis, and place-centered mapping to reveal how specific elements like attractions and amenities shape these zones. This research provides a foundation for policy formulation aimed at regulating and organizing urban tourism development in the area, addressing the need for a well-conceived landscape concept.

The movement and distribution of pregnant spotted ragged-tooth sharks, Carcharias taurus, in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa

iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park — 2024 — WHE9CC4AEDC41

A five-year study in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa, revealed that Raggie Reef serves as a critical aggregation site for pregnant spotted ragged-tooth sharks (Carcharias taurus), a globally Critically Endangered species. Using remote underwater photography (RUP) and in-situ surveys, researchers identified 574 individuals—97% of which were noticeably pregnant—across three reefs over 2018–2023. The findings demonstrated consistent movements among the monitored sites, with Raggie Reef being the most frequently occupied (90% of sampling days). This highlights the park's vital role in the species' conservation, particularly for reproductive females, while also suggesting variability in their reproductive cycle.

The Nabataean monumental rock‐cut tombs of Mughāyir Shuʿayb and al‐Aṣīfir in the oasis of al‐Badʿ (Saudi Arabia): Preliminary architectural study and spatial organisation of the necropolis

Petra — 2024 — WHEACE006A25E

A new study reveals that the Nabataean rock-cut tombs in al-Badʿ oasis, Saudi Arabia, exhibit standardized architectural and decorative techniques while also reflecting local cultural adaptations. Analyzing 35 tombs across two necropolises—Mughāyir Shuʿayb and al-Aṣīfir—the research provides the first comprehensive overview of their construction processes, investment levels, and social hierarchy within the Nabataean world. The findings highlight the site's strategic economic, political, and cultural significance along the Red Sea caravan route to Petra and other Levantine centers. This multiscalar examination underscores both regional standardization and individual or topographical influences in funerary architecture.

The Nexus between spatiotemporal land use/land cover dynamics and ecosystem service values in the wabe river catchment, Omo Gibe River Basin, Ethiopia

Lower Valley of the Omo — 2024 — WHE3714264297

A significant decline in ecosystem service values (ESVs) of US$3227.20 million was observed in the Wabe River catchment, Ethiopia, from 1986 to 2022, driven by substantial changes in land use/land cover (LULC). The study projected further ESV losses of US$1410.52 million by 2058, with built-up areas and agriculture expanding at the expense of grasslands, forests, and agroforestry. Future scenarios suggest continued degradation, particularly in midlands and highlands, while lowlands may see slight increases. The research employed supervised classification techniques using Landsat imagery, multilayer perceptron neural networks, and cellular automata-Markov chain algorithms to forecast LULC changes and quantify their impact on ESVs. These findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable land management and conservation efforts to mitigate ecosystem degradation in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The North Window of the Nine Altars Chapel, Durham Cathedral

Durham Castle and Cathedral — 2024 — WHEDBC5AD44E2

The North Window of the Nine Altars Chapel in Durham Cathedral, installed as part of an architectural project initiated in 1242, stands out for its intricate geometrical design and stylistic significance. This study dissects the window's role within the broader architectural scheme, its underlying geometric principles, and its place in the medieval stylistic tradition. By analyzing these three dimensions—architectural integration, geometric structure, and stylistic context—the research provides a nuanced understanding of how this element contributes to the cathedral's historical and artistic legacy. The approach combines architectural analysis with stylistic evaluation, offering insights into the craftsmanship and design intent of the period.

The Nurturers and Self-Image Building of Ten Thousand Buddha Hall in Yixian County, Liaoning Province

Longmen Grottoes — 2024 — WHE98B6375476

A comparative analysis of the Ten Thousand Buddhas Grottoes in Yixian County and the Longmen Grottoes reveals that patrons' subjective choices in statue style and inscriptions reflect their process of self-image building. The study identifies links and differences between these sites, suggesting that the creation of statues was not merely an objective endeavor but also a means for patrons to shape their own identities. By examining historical context, statue styles, and inscriptions, researchers established associations between statues, Buddhist beliefs, and tomb concepts, while differentiating the purposes and motives behind patronage.

The occurrence of potential pathogenic antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the marine environment in Ha Long Bay, Vietnam

Ha Long Bay - Cat Ba Archipelago — 2024 — WHEBBC8E573FC

A concerning prevalence of antibiotic-resistant, potentially pathogenic bacteria was found in Ha Long Bay's marine environment, with 93.3% of sampling stations harboring such organisms. Dominant genera included Vibrio (29.3%), Pseudomonas (23.3%), and Staphylococcus (8.6%), while key pathogens like Vibrio alginolyticus (25 isolates) and Vibrioparahaemolyticus (5 isolates) showed high resistance to multiple antibiotics, including 100% resistance to amoxicillin and piperacillin. Over half of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, highlighting a significant threat to human health. The study analyzed 30 surface water samples from the bay, identifying 24 bacterial genera and 61 potential pathogens, emphasizing the need for genomic surveillance to mitigate the spread of resistant bacteria in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The Old and New Towns of Edinburgh

Old and New Towns of Edinburgh — 2024 — WHE0BBDBBDF07

Edinburgh's Old and New Towns demonstrate a highly effective model for protecting world cultural heritage, even amid global pressures from tourism and commercial development. The city's approach integrates top-down and bottom-up strategies, involving municipal officials and the independent Edinburgh World Heritage Trust. Strict planning regulations at national, regional, and local levels ensure the authenticity and integrity of its heritage sites. This legal framework is detailed, standardized, and operationally effective, serving as a benchmark for safeguarding world heritage. The study highlights how a comprehensive, multi-layered system can balance development with preservation, offering valuable insights for other UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The One-Gate Management System And Temple Conservation: A Comparative Study Of Borobudur And Angkor Wat Temples

Borobudur Temple Compounds — 2024 — WHE775A574C5C

A comparative analysis of Borobudur and Angkor Wat reveals that Borobudur's adoption of a single-gate management system under InJourney Destination Management (IDM) in 2024 offers potential for enhanced efficiency but poses challenges in balancing tourism and conservation. Unlike Angkor Wat, which has been managed by the APSARA Authority since 1995 with a strong emphasis on preservation, Borobudur's model integrates it as both a tourist destination and a place of worship. The study highlights that while single-gate management can improve synergy, adaptive strategies are crucial to ensure conservation sustainability. Conducted using qualitative descriptive methods—including literature review, observation, and interviews—the research offers novel insights into cultural heritage management, recommending a more balanced approach that integrates tourism, conservation, and local community involvement.

The Optimization Strategy of Tourism Space

Kulangsu, a Historic International Settlement — 2024 — WHE331C8C533F

Gulangyu Island, part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Kulangsu, faces growing threats to its cultural heritage integrity due to expanding tourism. Research identifies key issues in tourism space optimization, including product type, design, and quality. The study proposes a three-pronged strategy: optimizing resource allocation to prioritize cultural heritage as the core attraction; establishing a multi-stakeholder governance model leveraging historical and cultural assets; and developing a linked tourism product system with improved infrastructure to manage visitor flow in high-traffic areas. This approach aims to balance tourism growth with heritage preservation, offering a scalable model for similar sites.

The Outer Walls of Frankish Acre1

Old City of Acre — 2024 — WHE6A40E7693D

A long-standing historical debate on the location of Frankish Acre's outer walls has been addressed through a critical examination of 150 years of scholarly maps. The study reveals that while earlier scholars like Rey, Makhouly and Johns, and Müller-Wiener proposed the northernmost tip of the wall was significantly farther north than the current Turkish-built wall (750 m away), others like Alderson and Jacoby suggested it was much closer (500–550 m). Kesten's 1962 correspondence map, though not explicitly marking Montmusard’s outer wall, implied its inner wall aligned with Alderson’s. Benvenisti’s later mapping suggested the outer wall extended to Rey et al.’s proposed point on the seashore. This analysis synthesizes conflicting hypotheses, offering a refined understanding of Frankish Acre's urban layout and its northern suburb, Montmusard.

The Oxford Handbook of Palmyra

Site of Palmyra — 2024 — WHE7A4007D5DA

The Oxford Handbook of Palmyra offers a comprehensive, expert-led exploration of one of the ancient world's most significant oasis cities, from its pre-Roman origins to modern times. This 37-chapter volume synthesizes firsthand knowledge from archaeologists, historians, and philologists, covering Palmyra's development, archaeology, and historical networks across antiquity. Structured thematically with introductory and postludium chapters, it provides an accessible yet rigorous overview, updated bibliographies, and insights into the site's devastating recent destruction during Syria's conflict. A vital resource for researchers, it bridges deep historical analysis with contemporary relevance.

The Palaces of the M'Zab Valley Between the Past and the Present. A Case Study of the Palace of Elattef - Ghardaia Province, Algeria

M'Zab Valley — 2024 — WHE7F91BF5BF3

Recent research on the UNESCO-listed M'Zab Valley palaces, including the historic Palace of El Atteuf, reveals significant transformations in their architectural integrity due to environmental, demographic, and socio-economic pressures. Despite maintaining their distinctive style over centuries, these structures face increasing distortions, threatening their preservation. The study employed a dual methodology: historical analysis to trace the palace's past and descriptive-analytical fieldwork, including surveys of 100 residents, to assess current conditions. Findings underscore the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect this World Urban Heritage site from further degradation.

The Parthenon of Gothic

Amiens Cathedral — 2024 — WHED8ABD9D114

Amiens Cathedral, located in northern France, has been celebrated as 'the Parthenon of Gothic Architecture' due to its grandeur and historical significance. This label stems from a misquotation by John Ruskin in The Bible of Amiens (1880–85), where he drew an analogy between the cathedral and the Parthenon in Athens, a comparison that had been part of his discourse on Gothic architecture since his earlier work, The Stones of Venice (1851–53). The study explores how this metaphorical language has shaped perceptions of Amiens Cathedral's architectural brilliance and its place in the canon of Gothic design.

The Path of Digital Economy Enabling Rural Tourism and Increasing Farmers' Income: A Case Study of Hongcun Village in Mount Huangshan

Mount Huangshan — 2024 — WHE6526889731

Rural tourism in Hongcun Village, Mount Huangshan, can be significantly enhanced through the integration of digital economy strategies, leading to increased farmers' income and sustainable development. The study identifies three key pathways for future growth: diversifying tourism models (e.g., 'tourism+'), leveraging intelligent digital infrastructure to improve rural governance efficiency, and expanding tourism formats to enrich visitor experiences. Using SWOT analysis and mixed online-offline methods, researchers highlight current challenges—such as resource constraints and governance inefficiencies—and propose actionable solutions. These include optimizing existing assets (e.g., scenic landscapes) while adopting smart technologies to streamline operations. The findings underscore the potential of digital innovation to drive high-quality tourism development in UNESCO-listed sites like Mount Huangshan, offering a scalable model for other rural destinations.

The Pleistocene high-elevation environments between 2.02 and 0.6 Ma at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash Valley, Ethiopia) based upon stable isotope analysis

Melka Kunture and Balchit: Archaeological and Palaeontological Sites in the Highland Area of Ethiopia — 2024 — WHE858A34590A

A groundbreaking isotopic analysis of faunal tooth enamel from Melka Kunture, Ethiopia, reveals that high-elevation Pleistocene environments (2000–2200 m) were characterized by open grasslands with mixed C3-C4 vegetation, bushes, and aquatic plants. Contrary to expectations, elevation did not influence animal feeding strategies or habitat partitioning, despite altitudinal variations in plant species. Oxygen isotopic data, however, confirmed significant altitude effects on environmental conditions. This study provides critical insights into the dietary behavior of Pleistocene fauna and challenges assumptions about high-elevation ecosystems' impact on animal habitats.