World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 495

Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i

Hawaii Volcanoes National Park — 2014 — WHE18BC0ED739

Kīlauea Volcano, a prominent feature of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, exhibits complex eruptive cycles characterized by alternating periods of explosive and effusive activity over the past 2500 years. Contrary to its reputation for continuous effusive eruptions, Kīlauea has experienced three prolonged effusive phases and two explosive ones, each lasting several centuries. Explosive activity, marked by phreatic and phreatomagmatic events within the summit caldera, correlates with a significant drop in magma supply rates to the shallow storage volume beneath the volcano. This reduction can lead to caldera collapse when erupted or intruded magma is not replenished. The study identifies unique glass compositions in explosive tephra, suggesting disruption of the shallow reservoir complex during caldera formation. These findings highlight Kīlauea's dynamic and modulated system, influenced by factors such as melting rate, supply rate, conduit stability, and water table interactions. The research underscores potential hazards associated with prolonged explosive periods, which could have substantial societal impacts if they were to recur.

Cyclical size change and population dynamics of a planktonic diatom,Aulacoseira baicalensis, in Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal — 2014 — WHEA40A4EDCF6

A decade-long study on Lake Baikal's planktonic diatom, Aulacoseira baicalensis, reveals that its population dynamics are driven by complex interactions between cyclical size changes and multiple environmental stressors. The research found that silica availability, sedimentation losses, grazing pressure, and density-dependent effects on cell size restoration significantly influence annual abundance fluctuations over several life cycles. These interactions lead to substantial variations in diatom populations observed in the lake over 60 years, highlighting the intricate balance governing planktonic ecosystems.

Cyclonic circulation and upwelling in Lake Baikal

Lake Baikal — 2014 — WHE06A8F2B7E9

Lake Baikal's summer stratification period (July–November) is characterized by cyclonic macrovortices that drive significant upwelling events, with compensatory downwelling occurring at their peripheries. These upwellings can last up to 16 weeks on average, covering vast areas—up to 4,400 km² in Southern Baikal and 1,550 km² over the Academician Ridge—and ascend at velocities of 1 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.2 × 10⁻² cm/s. Temperature differences between upwelling and downwelling zones range from 1–4°C in the epilimnion to 2–13°C in the metalimnion, with surface temperatures dropping by 4–7°C when water ascends from depths of 10–75 m. The study, combining in situ and satellite observations, reveals that these upwellings can affect nutrient distribution and primary production, offering insights into Lake Baikal's unique pelagic dynamics compared to other large lakes worldwide.

Dairy Queen

Archaeological Site of Troy — 2014 — WHE67A6817E81

A unique vessel type, identified as a 'barrel vessel,' has been discovered in Early Bronze Age domestic contexts around the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean. These vessels, found at sites like Troy, Lesbos (Thermi), Lemnos (Poliochni), and Chalkidike, resemble churns used in the Chalcolithic Levant and Eneolithic Balkans. Miniature versions of these vessels also appear in votive figures in the Near East. The study interprets their function as household processing containers for dairy products during the third millennium BC, suggesting potential transregional relationships and development patterns in Aegean prehistory.

Damaged and Healthy Ignimbrites from the Surroundings of Morelia, Mexico; Uses for Restoration of the Colonial Inheritance

Historic Centre of Morelia — 2014 — WHE41FC799737

Research on the historic centre of Morelia, Mexico, reveals significant challenges and opportunities in restoring its UNESCO-listed colonial architecture. The study identifies discrepancies between damaged ignimbrites used in historical buildings and healthy quarry stones from surrounding areas, which often fail to match in terms of resistance, porosity, durability, or color. This mismatch poses a critical issue for restoration efforts, as historical archives lack precise records to guide the selection of suitable replacement materials. The research highlights the need for a systematic approach to identify and source compatible ignimbrites to preserve Morelia's architectural heritage effectively.

Darmstadt – Stadt der Chemie

Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt — 2014 — WHEF2786A8D87

Darmstadt, Germany, stands out as a unique urban center where chemistry and culture intersect, exemplified by its innovative 'DA stimmt die Chemie' event series. This initiative, spearheaded by Merck, the city of Darmstadt, and the Technical University, showcases the deep-rooted connection between chemistry and the city's identity, even naming it after the element Darmstadtium. The program, spanning from September 2014 to 2015, featured diverse events including scientific colloquia with Nobel laureates like Roald Hoffmann, science slams, and industry visits, blending education, entertainment, and public engagement. A notable highlight was Merck's $250 million investment in a new innovation center, reinforcing Darmstadt's commitment to scientific advancement. The series also drew attention to the city's dual heritage as a hub of Jugendstil architecture, with Mathildenhöhe serving as an iconic symbol. This model has been lauded by German officials as a blueprint for other cities, demonstrating how chemistry can be both a driver of innovation and a cultural bridge.

Darwin's fishes: phylogeography of Galápagos Islands reef fishes

Galápagos Islands — 2014 — WHEA70AEBDCD1

Research on Galápagos reef fishes reveals no clear correlation between species distribution types (endemic, insular, or Panamic) and genetic population structure, challenging assumptions about allopatric speciation patterns in marine systems. The study used population structure and coalescent approaches to analyze 12 species with diverse life histories across the archipelago and neighboring islands. While terrestrial Galápagos species are well-studied for speciation processes, this work tests whether similar dynamics apply to reef fishes. Findings suggest limited inter-island genetic diversity in endemic species, implying that marine allopatric speciation may differ significantly from terrestrial patterns. The research contributes to understanding biogeographic processes shaping marine biodiversity in the Galápagos.

Das Erbe des Sklavenhandels im kollektiven Gedächtnis Gambias

Kunta Kinteh Island and Related Sites — 2014 — WHE9F8B7C992B

Gambia's collective memory of the transatlantic slave trade, particularly at UNESCO-listed sites like Kunta Kinteh Island and Juffureh, is shaped more by tourism than historical recognition. While efforts to preserve and inscribe these memories—through museums, festivals, and oral traditions—have gained global attention (e.g., via Alex Haley's Roots), they primarily serve economic goals rather than addressing the trauma of slavery. High costs and limited local access hinder broader societal engagement, revealing a gap between cultural heritage preservation and its social impact.

Dasht-e Lut in Iran, the Most Complete Collection of Beautiful Geomorphological Phenomena of Desert

Lut Desert — 2014 — WHE918DD756AB

Dasht-e Lut, Iran's arid expanse, stands out globally for its unparalleled diversity of geomorphological phenomena, shaped by unique tectonic and climatic conditions. This study identifies the desert as a treasure trove of geological wonders, including the world's largest nebkhas (wind-sculpted mounds) and yardangs (streamlined ridges), along with extreme heat records and rare salt structures like polygons and marshes. Through satellite imagery analysis, fieldwork, and literature review, researchers highlight Lut Desert's potential as a geotourism hub, capable of driving economic growth while posing challenges that require strategic solutions—such as improved accessibility, guided tours, and infrastructure development. The study also proposes adventurous activities like sand skiing and star observation to boost its appeal, positioning Dasht-e Lut as a strong candidate for UNESCO Global Geopark status.

David Did It, Others Did Not: The creation of Ancient Israel

Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba — 2014 — WHEBF5616AB18

A critical reassessment of the historical accuracy and chronology of Ancient Israel, particularly focusing on King David's reign, reveals that while David likely ruled over Jerusalem and its vicinity, his empire was more modest than traditionally believed. The study challenges both minimalist and maximalist interpretations by advocating for a nuanced approach to textual and archaeological evidence, emphasizing the need for rigorous cross-disciplinary collaboration and methodological sophistication. It argues against rigid chronological frameworks and highlights the limitations of assuming simultaneity in cultural phenomena across regions.

Decadal increase in NingalooNiñosince the late 1990s

Ningaloo Coast — 2014 — WHEB9DAA33D18

A decadal increase in the occurrence of Ningaloo Niño events—characterized by anomalously warm ocean conditions along Western Australia's subtropical coast—has been observed since the late 1990s. This trend is linked to a shift toward the negative phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), which sustains positive heat content anomalies and promotes more frequent cyclonic wind patterns, enhancing poleward heat transport via the Leeuwin Current. The study attributes this phenomenon to both natural variability and anthropogenically forced global warming, which amplifies extreme ocean temperatures in the region. Researchers analyzed historical data and climate models to uncover these connections, providing insights into the complex interactions between large-scale climate oscillations and regional ocean dynamics.

Deceased receives New Year Gifts in Theban Private Tombs

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2014 — WHECE07D73A08

Archaeological research reveals that depictions of deceased individuals receiving New Year gifts are predominantly found in private tombs from the New Kingdom period within the Theban necropolis, particularly in areas like Sheikh Abd el-Qurna and El-Khokha. These scenes, which vary in their representation—showcasing gifts from the deceased and their spouse, family members, or a single person—suggest a possible link between the tomb owners' roles in royal worship or temple economies and their status within ancient Theban society. The study analyzes these scenes to infer the social significance of the deceased, using categorizations by Porter and Moss as a foundation while introducing novel numerical labeling for detailed comparison. Findings indicate that such representations were largely confined to the New Kingdom era, with no evidence of similar depictions in earlier periods.

Decorated plasterwork in the Alhambra investigated by Raman spectroscopy: comparative field and laboratory study

Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada — 2014 — WHE53FA47758A

Raman spectroscopy revealed that the Hall of the Kings in the Alhambra's plasterwork decorations contain cinnabar, minium, carbon black, natural lapis lazuli, and synthetic ultramarine blue pigments. Field studies identified red pigments non-invasively, while laboratory analysis uncovered azurite degradation to clinoatacamite in blue-green areas, likely remnants of older decorations. A green pigment technique using copper chlorides with trace lapis lazuli was also discovered. Degradation products like calcium oxalates were found regardless of color. The study further exposed multiple layers of re-decorations, indicating complex stratigraphy. Challenges included positioning constraints and scaffold vibrations during fieldwork.

Decorazione, illustrazione o metafora? : su un gruppo di terrecotte architettoniche dal sito di S. Biagio ad Agrigento

Archaeological Area of Agrigento — 2014 — WHEBDCC570CB7

A rare group of architectural terracottas from the San Biagio site at Agrigento, dating to the late 5th–early 3rd century BCE, suggests a metaphorical interpretation of youth initiation and maturation. The most notable piece—a fragmentary clay sima with a lion head spout—depicts ephebic Erotes hunting a she-bear in a rocky landscape, combining elements of Greek iconographic traditions with unique motifs. This study proposes that the scene’s oddness implies symbolic meanings tied to hunting and eros, as well as the 'untamed' parthenos, rather than literal representation. The research examines how such decorative schemes may have been disseminated through sketches, casts, or molds before being adapted by artisans. Additionally, the terracottas’ thematic coherence hints at broader cultural and religious contexts related to youth maturation.

Defence, identity, and urban form: the extreme case of Gjirokastra

Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra — 2014 — WHEC47D7A6469

Gjirokastra, a UNESCO World Heritage site in southern Albania, stands out as a unique example of urban and architectural design shaped by self-defence strategies employed by individual family units during the Classical and Late Ottoman periods. The study reveals that defence concerns significantly influenced the city's urban morphology and building typology, persisting until the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The city's military character is deeply rooted in a local 'warrior' mentality, which permeated residents' identities even during times of peace. Through an analysis of Gjirokastra's residential neighbourhoods, the research highlights how the fear of war and feuds guided its development, creating a distinctive urban form that reflects centuries of conflict and resilience.

Deforestation and fragmentation of seasonal tropical forests in the southern Yucatán, Mexico (1990–2006)

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche — 2014 — WHE4D0BAD75C0

Between 1990 and 2006, deforestation rates in the southern Yucatán, Mexico, declined from 0.15% to 0.06% annually, yet significant forest fragmentation persisted both inside and outside the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (CBR). This study analyzed classified Landsat satellite imagery from 1990, 2000, and 2006 to assess land change across 141 management units, revealing sub-regional variations in forest loss. While population growth and pasture expansion drove deforestation, agricultural diversification, income strategies, and conservation efforts likely contributed to the observed reduction. The findings highlight the complex interplay between human activities and environmental outcomes in a biodiversity hotspot.

Degradação de trilhas na Reserva Ecológica da Juatinga em Paraty – Rio de Janeiro

Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity — 2014 — WHE987A576CF5

A study on the degradation of hiking trails in the Reserva Ecológica da Juatinga, Paraty, Rio de Janeiro, reveals significant environmental impacts due to improper planning and implementation. The trail Praia do Sono-Praia de Antigos is notably degraded, with soil aggregation indices below 1 mm and organic matter content under 3.5%, alongside frequent ravines. These findings underscore the need for urgent recovery efforts using appropriate management techniques such as drainage channels and geotextiles to restore slopes and vegetation. The research analyzed soil metrics and observed degradation patterns, providing critical insights for sustainable trail management in protected areas.

Demographic history of a recent invasion of house mice on the isolated I sland of G ough

Gough and Inaccessible Islands — 2014 — WHE3B385C3770

House mice on Gough Island, one of the world's most remote islands, have undergone rapid phenotypic evolution following a 19th-century introduction by sealers. Genetic analysis reveals that these mice belong to the Mus musculus domesticus subspecies, with maternal ancestry tracing back to England or France, and show signs of admixed origins from multiple Western European coastal populations. The population experienced a severe bottleneck—an estimated 98% reduction in size—followed by rapid expansion around 100 years ago. This demographic history, inferred through mitochondrial sequences, nuclear sequences, and microsatellites, alongside Approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), provides a model for studying rapid evolutionary change in isolated environments. The study highlights Gough Island mice as a valuable system for understanding how populations adapt to new ecological pressures.

Demography of the Giant Otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) in Manu National Park, South-Eastern Peru: Implications for Conservation

Manú National Park — 2014 — WHE26B1D03B94

A study on the giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) population in Manu National Park, Peru, reveals critical insights into its slow recovery from historical hunting pressures. The research, spanning 16 years with annual dry-season censuses, found that the species' breeding system—characterized by a single reproductive female and non-reproductive helpers—combined with physiological traits like late reproduction and long generation times, results in a low intrinsic rate of increase (0.03). High mortality rates, particularly among dispersers, further hinder population growth. The study also highlights the importance of female dominance tenure duration for reproductive success and notes that immigrant males pair with sisters or daughters upon breeding female death. These findings underscore the vulnerability of giant otters to anthropogenic disturbances, emphasizing the need for robust protection of core lake habitats and riverine forests, which are under severe threat from gold mining, logging, and agriculture in the Madre de Dios region.

Dendrochronological Dating of Two Tulip Poplars on the West Lawn of Monticello

Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville — 2014 — WHE2A27ED3047

Dendrochronological analysis of two tulip poplars (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) at Monticello reveals that the northwest tree likely dates to 1808, while the southwest tree's innermost rings suggest a planting date around 1852. These findings, combined with historical photographs, support the hypothesis that the northwest tree and possibly the southwest tree were planted during Thomas Jefferson's era. The study employed cross-dating and statistical verification using an oak chronology from Monticello to determine the trees' ages despite decay and hollow bole issues. This research provides critical insights into the historical significance of these iconic trees, shedding light on their potential connection to Jefferson's tenure at Monticello.

Dependence of radar quantitative precipitation estimation error on the rain intensity in the Cévennes region, France

The Causses and the Cévennes, Mediterranean agro-pastoral Cultural Landscape — 2014 — WHEF2AB30DA2C

Radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) errors exhibit complex dependencies on rain intensity, space-time scales, and geographical sub-domains in the Cévennes region of France. The study found that while error bias varies significantly across these factors, the standard deviation of errors remains relatively homogeneous. Notably, the estimation standard deviation of reference rainfall matches that of radar-reference discrepancies, highlighting limitations in the accuracy of current raingauge networks for spatial scales ranging from 5 to 100 km². This insight underscores the need for improved reference data to enhance radar QPE reliability.

Des zones humides pas si sauvages que cela : apport des données historiques et paléo-environnementales à la réflexion sur la gestion des paysages de la chaîne des Puys (France)

Chaîne des Puys - Limagne fault tectonic arena — 2014 — WHEB58F3D7805

Historical and paleo-environmental data reveal that the wetlands of the Chaîne des Puys, often perceived as 'wild' due to their current untended state, are actually products of complex geomorphological and societal evolution. This dual natural and cultural heritage challenges conventional conservation approaches, offering a model for balancing UNESCO's requirement to preserve the site's exceptional universal value with local demands for sustainable land use. The study demonstrates that integrating historical dynamics into management strategies can better address both ecological and cultural values, ensuring long-term preservation while accommodating local activities.

Desafios para o ecoturismo no Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaina: o caso da Vila de Trindade (Paraty, RJ)

Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity — 2014 — WHE8D4B0F6A3C

A study on the potential of ecoturism in Trindade, a village within Paraty (RJ) and partially inside the Bocaina Mountains National Park, reveals that while local inhabitants perceive increased tourism as an economic advantage, it is also seen as a threat to biodiversity conservation due to heightened anthropic pressure. The research, based on bibliographic reviews, document analysis, and in-depth interviews with local leaders, highlights the challenges of balancing tourist demands with the preservation of natural resources and traditional activities. Despite these tensions, ecoturism remains a promising but yet-to-be-realized potential for sustainable development in the region.

Descripción de una nueva especie de comadrejita ratona del género Marmosops Matschie, 1916 (Didelphimorphia, Didelphidae)

Canaima National Park — 2014 — WHEA4A47B2A26

A new species of mouse opossum, belonging to the genus Marmosops, has been identified from northern Venezuela. This discovery challenges previous assumptions about the distribution and taxonomy of the Marmosops parvidens group, which was thought to include five species across South America. The research involved detailed morphological analysis of specimens from Venezuelan museums, revealing unique characteristics such as a triangle-shaped carpal tubercle in males, posterior accessory cusps on canines, and specific dental features that distinguish this new species. Its distribution is confirmed to be restricted to the Cordillera de la Costa Central and Cordillera de Mérida mountain ranges, with an elevation range of 50 to 1850 meters above sea level. This finding corrects earlier misidentifications and highlights the importance of thorough taxonomic studies in understanding biodiversity.

Description of a new species of giant clam (Bivalvia: Tridacnidae) from Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia

Ningaloo Coast — 2014 — WHE758033E97B

A new species of giant clam, Tridacna ningaloo, has been identified from the Ningaloo Coast, Western Australia, challenging long-standing taxonomic classifications. While morphologically resembling Tridacna maxima—the most widespread Indo-Pacific giant clam—genetic analysis reveals it is more closely related to T. squamosa and T. crocea. This discovery undermines the reliability of historical species definitions based solely on shell morphology, suggesting that genetic data should be prioritized for accurate classification. The study also reaffirms the distinctiveness of Tridacnidae from Cardiidae due to unique morphological traits, ecological roles, and symbiotic adaptations. These findings highlight the importance of integrating multiple lines of evidence in marine biodiversity research.

Description of Hylopanchax paucisquamatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae), a new lampeye species from the Odzala-Kokoua National Park, Republic of Congo

Forest Massif of Odzala-Kokoua — 2014 — WHE91DCFF2AB7

Researchers have identified and described Hylopanchax paucisquamatus, a new species of deep-bodied lampeye fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from the Odzala-Kokoua National Park in the Republic of Congo. This discovery represents the first deep-bodied Hylopanchax species found outside the Kasaï River drainage, distinguishing it from related congeners like H. leki and H. ndeko. The species is characterized by a unique combination of morphological traits, including a low number of mid-longitudinal and transverse scales, dorsal-fin ray count, and the position of its dorsal fin relative to the anal fin. The study highlights the biodiversity significance of the Odzala-Kokoua region, contributing to our understanding of freshwater fish diversity in the Congo basin.

Description of the tadpoles of three rare species of megophryid frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Gunung Mulu, Sarawak, Malaysia

Gunung Mulu National Park — 2014 — WHED04CED8B4A

Three rare megophryid frog species—Leptobrachella brevicrus, Leptolalax dringi, and Megophrys dringi—endemic to Borneo, were confirmed through genetic analysis of their tadpoles and adults in Gunung Mulu National Park. DNA barcoding using 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene sequences validated the distinct species status. The study revealed unique adaptations: L. brevicrus and L. dringi tadpoles exhibit fossorial traits, such as elongated bodies and small eyes, suited for gravel-bed stream habitats, while M. dringi larvae thrive at pool surfaces. Morphometric data and ecological comparisons with congeners were also provided, contributing to the understanding of these elusive species' biodiversity in a UNESCO-listed site.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Detected Anthrax Outbreaks in Wild Wood Bison (Bison Bison Athabascae) in Northern Canada, 1962–2008

Wood Buffalo National Park — 2014 — WHE37E961B42A

Between 1962 and 2008, anthrax outbreaks in wild wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) in Wood Buffalo National Park and the Slave River Lowlands resulted in 1,515 detected deaths, with an average of 126 carcasses per outbreak. Outbreaks lasted 16–44 days on average but were not randomly distributed; those starting in July caused more fatalities than those beginning in June. Males were disproportionately affected, and no clear spatial pattern emerged. The study suggests targeting bulls for surveillance and extending monitoring beyond three weeks post-outbreak detection to improve data accuracy. Inconsistent record-keeping historically hindered analysis, emphasizing the need for coordinated efforts across jurisdictions.

Desempenho de Diferentes Métodos de Estimativa da Evapotranspiração de Referência para Fernando de Noronha

Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves — 2014 — WHE90EF21AE4E

A study evaluating the performance of different methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) in Fernando de Noronha, Brazil, found that the Hargreaves method was the most reliable and consistent for daily estimates. The research compared several methods against the standard FAO-Penman-Monteith approach, assessing accuracy using correlation coefficients, mean squared error, index of agreement, and coefficient of performance. While the Hargreaves & Samani (1985) and Camargo (1971) methods performed poorly, the Jesen-Haise (1963) and Priestley-Taylor (1972) methods showed average performance for daily estimates. Notably, the Priestley-Taylor and Hargreaves methods were deemed suitable for estimating accumulated ETo over ten-day periods. This study highlights the importance of accurate evapotranspiration estimation in water management and biodiversity conservation, particularly in semiarid climates like those found in Fernando de Noronha.

Design and Development of Multimedia Cultural Contents for Virtual Reality - Gogurye Ancient Tomb Mural

Complex of Koguryo Tombs — 2014 — WHEA3E9AE3E11

A virtual reality system was successfully developed to provide immersive educational experiences of Goguryeo tomb murals. The system integrates 3D modeling, rendering, and multimedia animation to offer detailed views and information on the daily life, clothing, homes, and historical sites of the Goguryeo people. By leveraging Flash for user-friendly interfaces, 3D Max for modeling, and Adobe Premiere for educational animations, the researchers created an engaging platform that enhances understanding of this globally recognized cultural heritage. The approach combines technical innovation with pedagogical design to bridge historical knowledge gaps in an accessible manner.

Detecting land-cover change using mappable vegetation related indices: A case study from Sinharaja Man and the Biosphere Reserve

Sinharaja Forest Reserve — 2014 — WHE370B64C311

A study analyzing land-cover changes in Sinharaja Man and the Biosphere Reserve revealed significant vegetation dynamics between 1993 and 2005, with a notable increase of 962 hectares of prime vegetation in the western region from 2001 to 2005. However, the reserve's fringe was found to be vulnerable to forest fires, with burned areas decreasing from 160 hectares (1993-2001) to 79 hectares (2001-2005), and a minimal 10-hectare burn over the entire period. The research utilized mappable vegetation indices—Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Burn Index (BI)—derived from Landsat 7 ETM+ images, processed with ENVI® software to detect changes across three time steps. While NDVI indicated substantial vegetation growth, BI highlighted fire susceptibility in peripheral areas. The findings underscore the need for ground truthing data to support sustainable forest management strategies.

Detrital zircon ages and provenance of the Upper Paleozoic successions of Kotel’ny Island (New Siberian Islands archipelago)

Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve — 2014 — WHEC681C88844

A new detrital zircon provenance study of Upper Paleozoic sandstones from Kotel’ny Island, part of the New Siberian Islands archipelago, reveals that these islands, along with Wrangel Island and the Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago, were likely positioned along the northern margin of Laurentia-Baltica during the Late Devonian-Mississippian period. The study identified strong similarities in detrital zircon populations across these regions, suggesting they may have formed a single tectonic block. Additionally, a dramatic shift to a Uralian provenance is observed in Permian clastics, providing critical insights for Paleozoic tectonic reconstructions of the Arctic region prior to the opening of Mesozoic oceanic basins. The research utilized the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and age distributions of detrital zircons to analyze sedimentary provenance and crustal affinity.

Developing a Monitoring Programme for Mammals in Himalayan Protected Areas: A case study from Khangchendzonga National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India

Khangchendzonga National Park — 2014 — WHE5BA34F6947

A comprehensive monitoring programme for mammals in Khangchendzonga National Park and Biosphere Reserve, Sikkim, India, was developed using field techniques like trail monitoring, scan counts, camera trapping, and dung counts between 2008-2012. The study confirmed the presence of 42 mammal species, with camera trapping proving most effective for carnivores and solitary ungulates. To detect a 10% annual decline in snow leopard populations with 70% power, 800 effective camera days per year over seven years are required. The estimated cost for detecting significant population changes in mammals ranges from Rs.3,067,000 (US$51,116) over 10-15 years. Regular monitoring of critical habitats and strict patrolling can mitigate negative impacts of anthropogenic activities such as unsupervised livestock grazing and unsustainable resource extraction.

Developing an effective glyphosate application technique to control Bischofia javanica Blume, an invasive alien tree species in the Ogasawara Islands

Ogasawara Islands — 2014 — WHEC9BDC388F9

A novel glyphosate application technique, the drill-and-plug method, effectively controls Bischofia javanica, an invasive tree species threatening the Ogasawara Islands' native ecosystems. This approach involves injecting a precise glyphosate dosage into stem holes, sealed with cork stoppers to prevent solution loss. Researchers developed an allometric regression model to determine optimal herbicide dosage based on stem diameter and aboveground biomass (AGB), finding that 0.1–0.5 g kg⁻¹ of active ingredient effectively kills most treated trees. Testing the minimum dosage (0.1 g kg⁻¹) confirmed high efficacy, offering a targeted strategy to curb B. javanica expansion while preserving native biodiversity in this UNESCO-listed site.

Developing Heat Flux Evaluation and Fire Risk Map for Forest Fires in Yangdong Villages

Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong — 2014 — WHE676D691DC1

Approximately 10% of the houses in Yangdong Village are directly exposed to the risk of forest fires due to their proximity to forested areas and vulnerable construction materials. An additional 5% face potential secondary fire hazards from the spread of initial blazes. The study employed GIS-based raster analysis to map house locations and materials, followed by numerical heat flux simulations to assess fire risk. Findings underscore the need for targeted forest fire prevention strategies, including fuel removal, buffer zone creation, and waterproof infrastructure, to mitigate risks to these culturally significant timber-framed structures.

Development and Implementation of South Asia’s First Heat-Health Action Plan in Ahmedabad (Gujarat, India)

Historic City of Ahmadabad — 2014 — WHE3C42FC3101

Ahmedabad, India, has pioneered South Asia’s first comprehensive Heat-Health Action Plan to mitigate the growing threat of heat waves, which are expected to intensify with climate change. The plan combines evidence-based strategies—including probabilistic weather forecasting, policy briefs for vulnerable populations, and targeted public outreach—to reduce heat-related health risks. Developed through a coalition effort involving local data analysis, expert consultations, and community engagement, the pilot program was implemented in 2013 and has since served as a model for scalability to other Indian cities. Key innovations include a 7-day early warning system that triggers adaptive measures before extreme heat events, demonstrating an effective framework for urban heat resilience.

Development of artificial intelligence based NO 2 forecasting models at Taj Mahal, Agra

Taj Mahal — 2014 — WHED0DEF0C0C6

A novel artificial intelligence-based model outperforms traditional methods for forecasting NO₂ concentrations at the Taj Mahal, Agra. The PCA–ANN (Principal Component Analysis–Artificial Neural Network) model demonstrated superior accuracy with a correlation coefficient of 0.91 during validation, compared to multiple linear regression (MLR), which achieved 0.89. This study highlights the potential of computational intelligence in public health-oriented air quality forecasting, particularly for high-pollution periods like November when levels spike significantly around the monument. The model's reliability was validated through statistical metrics including NMSE, IOA, and FB, all showing strong agreement with observed data.

Die altpersischen Keil-inschriften von Persepolis

Persepolis — 2014 — WHE9E7697A86E

A pivotal breakthrough in the decipherment of ancient cuneiform scripts, particularly Old Persian, was achieved through the collaborative efforts of Christian Lassen and Julius Oppert. Their work, rooted in comparative linguistics, revealed the phonological structure of Old Persian by analyzing inscriptions from Persepolis. Lassen's 1836 publication, which appeared alongside Eugène Burnouf's independent findings, employed a methodical comparison of cuneiform symbols with Avestan and Sanskrit equivalents. This groundwork was later refined by Oppert in 1847, incorporating insights from Henry Rawlinson's Behistun inscription. The study not only advanced the understanding of Old Persian but also showcased the meticulous process of linguistic reconstruction, including the design of a specialized cuneiform font for clarity.

Differences in Survival and Growth Among Tropical Rain Forest Pioneer Tree Seedlings in Relation to Canopy Openness and Herbivory

Sinharaja Forest Reserve — 2014 — WHE93884A63F3

A study on pioneer tree species in Sinharaja Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka, reveals that canopy openness significantly enhances seedling survival over time, while herbivory reduces it, particularly under dense canopies. The research tracked 960 seedlings of six species across four gap-understory positions, finding that survival and growth varied consistently with known shade tolerance rankings. Notably, Trema orientalis exhibited the lowest survival but highest growth potential when established, whereas Dillenia triquetra showed the highest survival but minimal growth. Wendlandia bicuspidata uniquely responded positively to herbivory by resprouting. These findings suggest that both light availability and herbivory play crucial roles in shaping pioneer species distribution through fine-scale niche partitioning, with implications for reforestation strategies.

Digital surface model based on aerial image stereo pairs for 3D building

Medina of Fez — 2014 — WHE2B47817FA2

A digital surface model (DSM) of Fez's historic Medina was successfully constructed using high-accuracy aerial image stereo pairs and matching methods. This approach enabled detailed 3D city modeling, revealing critical insights into building volumes, land use zoning, and urban density—key factors for the rehabilitation and conservation of this complex, labyrinthine cityscape. The DSM, derived from 2007 aerial photographs with 1/4000 accuracy, provides a robust tool for sustainable urban planning in Fez, one of Morocco's most significant tourism destinations and architectural challenges.

Discontinuity of Human Presence at Atapuerca during the Early Middle Pleistocene: A Matter of Ecological Competition?

Archaeological Site of Atapuerca — 2014 — WHEF5F614234A

A new study suggests that the absence of human presence at Atapuerca during the early Middle Pleistocene (0.7–0.5 Ma) may be due to increased ecological competition rather than a true discontinuity in settlement. By comparing environmental conditions and resource availability between two key levels—TD8 (0.7–0.6 Ma, with no human evidence) and TD6-2 (a previously occupied period)—researchers found that survival opportunities for humans were significantly lower at TD8 due to heightened competition among secondary consumers. This challenges the long-standing debate on whether early European human settlement was continuous or fragmented, proposing ecological pressures as a plausible explanation.

Discovered just before extinction? The first endemic ant from the Balearic Islands (Lasius balearicus sp. nov.) is endangered by climate change

Cultural Landscape of the Serra de Tramuntana — 2014 — WHEEBFB6A8FE2

Researchers have identified the first endemic ant species, Lasius balearicus, in the Balearic Islands, specifically within the Serra de Tramuntana region of Mallorca. This discovery highlights a rare instance of biodiversity in Europe, with the species' distribution confined to mountaintops between 800 and 1400 meters above sea level. Molecular analysis suggests that L. balearicus diverged from its closest relatives approximately 1.51 million years ago, exhibiting distinct morphological traits. Climate-based distribution modeling predicts a dramatic reduction in suitable habitats under various future emission scenarios, indicating severe endangerment due to climate change. The species' low genetic diversity and geographical isolation further emphasize its vulnerability, prompting a strong recommendation for inclusion in the IUCN Red List as 'Endangered'. This study underscores the urgent need for conservation action to prevent real-time biodiversity loss.

Discovery of mafic impact melt in the center of the Vredefort dome: Archetype for continental residua of early Earth cratering?

Vredefort Dome — 2014 — WHE75033C91FD

Researchers have uncovered mafic impact melt within the central uplift of the 2.02 billion-year-old Vredefort Dome, challenging long-held assumptions about the preservation of such materials on Earth's ancient crust. The discovery, identified as decimeter-scale dikes and lenses of variably foliated gabbronorite amid Archean gneiss, provides critical evidence for significant impact-induced melting in early planetary crust modification. Zircon analyses revealed a dominant population of 2.02 Ga unshocked igneous zircon with temperatures ranging from 800-900 °C, mirroring those found in the Sudbury impact melt sheet. The study suggests that these melts originated from the once superjacent Witwatersrand basin lithologies and offers new benchmarks for identifying remnants of large cratering events on Earth's cratons.

Discovery of substantial Oxalis (Oxalidaceae) diversity and endemism in an arid biodiversity hotspot

Richtersveld Cultural and Botanical Landscape — 2014 — WHE48074E55D0

Contrary to long-held assumptions, the arid Richtersveld region of South Africa is not depauperate in Oxalis diversity but instead harbors substantial endemism and species richness. Recent exploration revealed at least ten undescribed Oxalis species, nine of which are endemic to the Richtersveld, with seven exhibiting extremely limited distributions. This discovery challenges previous perceptions and suggests that the region may serve as a center of endemism for the genus in southern Africa, surpassing even the relatively well-studied central Namaqualand Oxalis flora. The study provides morphological descriptions, diagnostic characters, and an identification key for 20 confirmed species, including new taxa, while emphasizing the need for further systematic attention to this understudied lineage.

Discrete Element Modeling of Stone Masonry Walls With Varying Core Conditions: Prince of Wales Fort Case Study

Fortifications of Vauban — 2014 — WHE0C5C4959B5

Stone masonry walls with rubble cores can transition from stability to instability as cohesion between stones decreases, according to discrete element modeling (DEM) using the non-smooth contact dynamics method. This study highlights that grouting the core could serve as an effective conservation strategy for deteriorating fortifications like the Prince of Wales Fort in Churchill, Manitoba. The research employed DEM simulations to analyze the failure mechanisms of the fort's walls, which have suffered significant degradation due to harsh weather conditions. By altering the cohesion parameters in the model, the study demonstrated how the structural integrity of the rubble core could be compromised, offering insights into preventative conservation methods for similar historic sites.

Discussions on the Religious Space of Edo City: The Landscape and Functions of Temples and Shrines

Shrines and Temples of Nikko — 2014 — WHECEEF47201A

A key discovery reveals that the City of Edo's design incorporated mystical and religious spatial strategies to protect it, with large temples and shrines strategically placed to face northeast/southwest—directions considered unlucky—and towards execution sites and red-light districts. This study examines how the Tokugawa shogunate harnessed these 'magical factors' for safeguarding the city, including the enshrinement of Ieyasu towards the North Star (Nikko). The research also explores the Honmatsu-seido system, which integrated temples into social order through government control and the Terauke seido, which compelled public affiliation with religious sites. Additionally, it highlights how urban expansion led to the forced relocation of temples to suburbs post-Meireki Fire, creating temple towns like Asakusa, Shitata, and Mita, some evolving into entertainment districts.

Distribuição espaço-temporal da precipitação na Região Hidrográfica da Baía da Ilha Grande-RJ

Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity — 2014 — WHEDE928A43C3

Research on the hydrographic region of Ilha Grande Bay (RHBIG) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, reveals that precipitation distribution is strongly influenced by topography and proximity to the coast. The study analyzed data from 31 rain gauges using interpolation techniques and correlation analysis with physiographic variables such as slope, aspect, altitude, and distance from the coastline. Findings indicate that altitude and coastal proximity are the most significant factors affecting both annual and seasonal precipitation patterns in this region, known for its high rainfall indices due to dynamic atmospheric conditions and the presence of the Serra do Mar escarpments.

Distribution and Conservation Status of Amphibian and Reptile Species in the Lacandona Rainforest, Mexico: an Update after 20 Years of Research

Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche — 2014 — WHE6DE2964C63

A comprehensive update reveals that the Lacandona Rainforest, part of Mexico's UNESCO World Heritage Site, hosts 124 species of amphibians and reptiles, with nine amphibians and two reptiles endemic to the Mayan forest. The study, spanning 20 years of research from 2007 to 2013, highlights that four amphibians and three reptiles are potentially restricted to the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, making them highly vulnerable to habitat loss. Notably, only about 60% of the herpetofauna species in Lacandona overlap with neighboring tropical forests, underscoring its unique biodiversity. While seven species (10.1%) are listed as at risk by the IUCN, deforestation poses significant threats, adding uncertainty to their long-term survival.

Distribution and Ecology of Cyanobacteria in the Rocky Littoral of an English Lake District Water Body, Devoke Water

The English Lake District — 2014 — WHE579F72F858

Cyanobacteria in Devoke Water, English Lake District, exhibit distinct vertical zonation patterns with maximum diversity and abundance near the waterline, declining sharply 20-40 cm above it. A notable 'black zone' in the supralittoral region is dominated by pigmented sheath species like Calothrix, Dichothrix, and Gloeocapsa, showing no lateral variation around the lake but correlating positively with wind exposure. This study reveals a unique flora reflective of base-poor mountain lakes with some lowland, alkaline elements. The research employed sampling along vertical and horizontal transects, coupled with species ordination analysis to elucidate these patterns.

Distribution and Growth Condition of Enhalus Acoroides in Iriomote Island

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHECF141BF47C

Enhalus acoroides, a tropical seagrass with a northern distribution limit around the Yaeyama Islands, is listed as Endangered (II) by Japan's Ministry of the Environment. While localized declines have been documented in Iriomote Island, its broader distribution and growth conditions remain unclear. A study mapping its presence across the northwestern coast of Iriomote Island revealed that dense stands occupy only 14% of suitable shoreline, typically in sheltered bays where wave exposure is minimal compared to offshore areas (D.L. ±0.0–-0.5 m). This suggests that while the species persists in low-energy environments, its population is fragmented and vulnerable to further decline.