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Sagarmatha National Park (Mount Everest) Visitor Survey and Analysis (Everest Visitor Survey)

Sagarmatha National Park — 2013 — WHEA7F81DEBD1

A visitor survey of Sagarmatha National Park (Mount Everest) revealed that six countries—UK, US, Germany, Japan, France, and Australia—account for over 50% of visitors, with an average stay of 15 days. The study highlighted key concerns among tourists, including inadequate toilet facilities, hygiene issues, water quality, and waste management. Additionally, 14% of respondents had previously visited the park, suggesting a potential repeat visitation trend. These findings provide actionable insights for park management, which have been integrated into system dynamics models to assess potential improvements.

Saharan Rock Art: Local Dynamics and Wider Perspectives

Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus — 2013 — WHEAAD24AE1E8

Recent analyses of Saharan rock art, particularly within the Tadrart Acacus and Tassili n’Ajer regions, reveal complex local dynamics and broader regional connections. This study highlights how environmental context and social-cultural factors shape artistic expression across different massifs. By integrating analytical and contextual approaches, researchers uncover new perspectives on the chronology, meaning, and relationships between artistic provinces, emphasizing Tadrart Acacus as a pivotal site for understanding Saharan heritage.

Sailing through Time: A Historical Examination of the Explorations and Expeditions of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

Papahānaumokuākea — 2013 — WHEA9E0F02D8F

Decades of exploration and documentation reveal the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) as dynamic, pristine ecosystems with significant cultural, economic, and scientific value. This study highlights how past expeditions—spanning voyaging, monitoring, and protection efforts—have laid the foundation for modern ecosystem-based management, exemplified by the successful implementation of the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM). By integrating local knowledge with scientific research, the NWHI serves as a model for large-scale, archipelagic-wide conservation strategies. The findings underscore the importance of historical exploration in shaping current research priorities and future management directions, offering insights that support global ocean systems understanding and environmental stewardship.

Salinity and Hypertension in the Sine-Saloum Delta: A Policy Analysis of Drinking Water and Public Health in Coastal Senegal

Saloum Delta — 2013 — WHEB2AB1C3FBD

Coastal communities in Senegal's Sine-Saloum Delta face a significant public health challenge: saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers, which is linked to higher hypertension prevalence. Research reveals a consistent association between high sodium levels in drinking water and increased hypertension rates, yet current policies fail to integrate this environmental factor effectively. A mixed-methods analysis—combining epidemiological data with policy reviews—exposed critical gaps where water resource management lacks public health objectives, while health strategies overlook environmental determinants like salinity. The study underscores the need for intersectoral collaboration, proposing integrated solutions such as community-based interventions for rainwater harvesting and dietary education to reduce sodium intake. This work highlights the urgent necessity of addressing environmental health risks in vulnerable coastal regions through coordinated policy action.

Salmonella Infection in Green Anoles (Anolis carolinensis), an Invasive Alien Species on Chichi Island of the Ogasawara Archipelago in Japan

Ogasawara Islands — 2013 — WHE6FC6DA2F0E

A significant proportion of green anoles (Anolis carolinensis), an invasive species on Chichi Island, Japan, were found to carry Salmonella, with 32.6% of live lizard samples testing positive and 62.5% of carcass samples harboring the pathogen. The dominant serotype was Salmonella Oranienburg, accounting for 94.4% of isolates. While the exact infection pathways remain unclear, the study suggests that these anoles pose a potential public health risk as a source of Salmonella. Additionally, Salmonella was detected in feral goats and public toilets on the island, indicating possible environmental contamination. This research highlights the need to monitor endemic pathogens that may be amplified by invasive alien species in their introduced ranges.

Santacruzamate A, a Potent and Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor from the Panamanian Marine Cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp.

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection — 2013 — WHEC35E84C624

Researchers discovered santacruzamate A, a potent and selective histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor derived from a marine cyanobacterium collected in Coiba National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site off Panama's Pacific coast. This compound, structurally similar to suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), demonstrates picomolar-level inhibition of HDAC2 while sparing other Class II HDACs like HDAC4 and HDAC6. The study involved phylogenetic analysis confirming the cyanobacterium as a potential new genus, followed by chemical fractionation to isolate santacruzamate A. Synthetic analogs were also developed, including a hybrid molecule combining features of both compounds, to evaluate HDAC activity and specificity. This discovery highlights the therapeutic potential of marine-derived natural products in targeting specific HDAC isoforms for disease treatment.

Santiniketan

Santiniketan — 2013 — WHEEAA9F95B19

Santiniketan, founded by Rabindranath Tagore in 1901, has evolved into a significant cultural and educational pilgrimage site in India. This study reveals its transformation from an experimental learning center to a symbol of Indian identity and heritage, attracting visitors for its unique blend of education, art, and spirituality. The research employs historical analysis and public history approaches to trace Santiniketan's development, emphasizing its role in shaping modern Indian culture. Key insights include the site's enduring appeal as both an educational institution and a cultural landmark, reflecting India's intellectual and artistic heritage.

Saq-Ram Aquifer System (West)

Wadi Rum Protected Area — 2013 — WHE90C642CE21

The Saq-Ram Aquifer System (West) spans from northern Saudi Arabia into Jordan, covering a critical region from the Tabuk Plain to Wadi Rum. This study delineates its exploitation across the Tabuk-Mudawwara-Disi area, providing a comprehensive inventory of shared water resources in Western Asia. The research employs a systematic approach to map and analyze this transboundary aquifer system, offering insights into its hydrological dynamics and significance for water management in arid regions.

Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, und ihre Rolle als Bauherrin am Beispiel Marlborough House, London

Blenheim Palace — 2013 — WHEFAF6C3A773

Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, emerges as a pioneering female patron of architecture whose influence extended beyond mere cost-cutting to the establishment of comfort and aesthetic preference. This study challenges the traditional portrayal of her as driven by frugality, demonstrating that her decisions were rooted in rational design choices aligned with her personal style and desire for prestige. Through an analysis of her major projects—including Marlborough House (her sole independent venture), Holywell House, Windsor Lodge, Blenheim Palace (where she commissioned memorial structures post her husband’s death), Wimbledon House, and St. Albans’ almshouse—the research highlights her agency in overseeing construction, financial management, and artistic curation. Her role as a patron was part of a broader tradition of influential women, including Queen Mary II and Bess of Hardwick, but distinguished by her assertiveness and self-determined aesthetic vision.

Sarcoptic mange vulnerability in carnivores of the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland: underlying determinant factors

Białowieża Forest — 2013 — WHE518CC48F09

A study on sarcoptic mange in carnivores of the Białowieża Primeval Forest reveals that social behavior and den use significantly influence the spread and prevalence of this highly contagious mite infection. Sarcoptic mange, caused by Sarcoptes scabiei, was found in six out of ten species studied, with red foxes showing the highest infection rate (19%), followed by European badgers (9%) and grey wolves (7%). The research highlights that outbreaks often occur simultaneously across multiple species, suggesting interspecies transmission. Additionally, the source of individuals (trapped, culled, or found dead) may affect analysis results. The findings underscore the role of carnivore communities in acting as reservoirs for the pathogen, emphasizing the need to consider ecological and behavioral factors in managing this disease.

Sasanian and Early Islamic Settlement Patterns North of the Persian Gulf

The Persian Qanat — 2013 — WHE58B81D0B34

Recent archaeological surveys along the northern coast of the Persian Gulf reveal significant growth in Sasanian-era settlements, driven by strategic investments in irrigation and agriculture. Researchers uncovered extensive hydraulic structures, including canals, water mills, qanats (underground aqueducts), and wells, predominantly located in foothill regions with high-altitude positioning within settlements. These findings suggest that the economy of southern Fars during this period was primarily agricultural rather than commerce-driven, challenging earlier assumptions about trade-based prosperity. The study also identified cemeteries associated with these settlements, providing insights into burial practices. Methodologically, the research employed systematic surveys to map settlement patterns and infrastructure, offering a nuanced understanding of Sasanian land-use strategies.

Scaling Erica arborea transpiration from trees up to the stand using auxiliary micrometeorological information in a wax myrtle-tree heath cloud forest (La Gomera, Canary Islands)

Garajonay National Park — 2013 — WHE737CD2DB3F

Research in Garajonay National Park, La Gomera, reveals that solar radiation is the primary driver of transpiration in Erica arborea, a key species in the wax myrtle-tree heath cloud forest. The study found that E. arborea's daily water loss nearly doubles on fog-free days compared to foggy periods, with mean values of 12.81 ± 4.33 kg/day/tree and 5.35 ± 4.30 kg/day/tree, respectively. Over a year, an individual tree transpires approximately 3052.89 kg, highlighting the significant impact of fog on water dynamics in this unique ecosystem. The study employed a novel scaling method combining sap flow measurements with micrometeorological data to estimate stand-level evapotranspiration, demonstrating its utility for long-term monitoring and understanding forest water balance.

Scaling-down and scaling-up processes of territorial governance: cities and regions facing institutional reform and planning challenges

City of Verona — 2013 — WHE3A1ABFFDD7

European territorial governance is undergoing significant rescaling, with cities increasingly engaged in large-scale processes that transcend local boundaries. This study reveals contradictory trends where federalism drives decentralization, while policy integration at variable scales persists, creating a complex interplay of competencies, powers, and resources. Focusing on three Northern Italian cities—Bolzano-Bozen, Trento, and Verona—the research analyzes how these urban centers navigate multi-level governance challenges, particularly in strategic planning, spatial planning, and infrastructure management. The findings highlight the need for regional or upper-scale agencies to facilitate cooperation while addressing institutional reforms. This work offers generalizable insights into the dynamics of territorial governance in a European context.

Scènes de chasse à Cueva de las Manos : perspective régionale (Santa Cruz, Argentine)

Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas — 2013 — WHED608E5E04A

Archaeological research at Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas, Argentina, validates the proposed chronological sequence for rock art styles originally suggested by Gradin in the 1970s. The study identifies five successive stylistic phases of hunting scenes, providing a more precise framework for comparing rock art across the region. This advancement enhances our understanding of human occupation and artistic expression in the Santa Cruz area during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene periods.

Scénographies au Bauhaus

Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau — 2013 — WHEE601AC5B94

A groundbreaking exploration of the Bauhaus movement's lesser-known but equally innovative theatrical experiments, 'Scénographies au Bauhaus' reveals how festive gatherings and collaborative reflections were pivotal to its creative output. Through the firsthand account of Albert Flocon (formerly Mentzel), a student at Bauhaus Dessau from 1927 to 1930, the text illuminates the movement's focus on scenography, particularly under Oskar Schlemmer's guidance. Flocon's vivid narratives and linocut reproductions capture the dynamic interplay between performance, art, and social interaction, challenging the traditional emphasis on Bauhaus's architectural and utilitarian designs. This work offers a fresh perspective on the school's multifaceted approach to innovation, blending artistic expression with communal engagement.

Science, politics and society in early nineteenth-century Ireland

Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast — 2013 — WHE29B3C78165

Reverend William Richardson challenged prevailing geological and agricultural paradigms in early nineteenth-century Ireland, notably refuting volcanic origins for the Giant's Causeway's basalt. His scientific empiricism provided an alternative to loyalist propaganda, supported by prominent figures like Sir Humphry Davy and Sir Joseph Banks. Richardson's advocacy for Irish fiorin grass as a means to reclaim wastelands and enable winter hay production, though initially dismissed, offered innovative solutions to Britain's economic challenges during the Napoleonic Wars. This interdisciplinary study highlights his dual role as both a scientist and political figure, bridging provincial and metropolitan science while addressing societal needs in post-1798 rebellion Ireland.

Scribal Training in Old Babylonian Susa

Susa — 2013 — WHE8E6E4D37BE

Scribal education in Old Babylonian Susa reveals significant adaptations of the Mesopotamian curriculum to fit the local linguistic environment, despite the overwhelming influence of Mesopotamian schooling. While Elamite language played almost no role in this scholastic context, the sequence of scribal training stages remained clearly traceable. The study of Susa's educational corpus uncovered many features of its unique curriculum, demonstrating that Mesopotamian models were not blindly adopted but tailored to local needs.

Sea temperature shapes seasonal fluctuations in seaweed biomass within the Ningaloo coral reef ecosystem

Ningaloo Coast — 2013 — WHE10EDC011CE

Sea temperature is the primary driver of seasonal fluctuations in seaweed biomass within the Ningaloo coral reef ecosystem, according to a study conducted over 26 months. The research found that canopy-forming Sargassum spp. reached peak biomass during warm summer months (up to 1013 g fresh weight per 0.25 m²), while understory seaweeds like Dictyopteris and Lobophora thrived in winter when the Sargassum canopy was at its lowest. Statistical analysis revealed that sea temperature, measured one month prior to biomass assessment, along with location, explained 78% of the variation in Sargassum spp. biomass. The study also highlighted spatial heterogeneity at the kilometer scale, suggesting that local conditions play a significant role alongside temperature. Given the ecological importance of seaweeds, these findings imply that climate change could substantially impact coral reef productivity and biodiversity.

Seal Impressions from Susa. Re-evaluating Some of the Findings in Susa Available in the National Museum of Iran and Introducing Some Unpublished Samples

Susa — 2013 — WHE577757A691

A re-evaluation of seal impressions from Susa, stored in the National Museum of Iran, has significantly advanced our understanding of early Elamite art. Out of 76 seal impressions reviewed, 68 were successfully identified and classified by style, with some published for the first time. This study highlights the importance of revisiting archaeological collections to uncover hidden knowledge and refine historical attributions. The research employed a systematic approach, combining archaeological expertise with careful analysis of previously unstudied or under-documented artefacts. While eight impressions remained unidentifiable, the findings provide new insights into Susa's cultural and artistic development during early periods.

Seasonal variation in the microbial quality of shallow groundwater in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Kathmandu Valley — 2013 — WHE936AB32E8D

Groundwater microbial quality in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, deteriorates significantly during the wet season compared to the dry season. This seasonal variation is attributed to increased infiltration of fecal material and rising groundwater levels, which likely introduce contaminants into shallow aquifers. The study, conducted from 2009 to 2012, analyzed Escherichia coli and total coliform concentrations in dug wells monthly for a year, revealing a moderate to strong correlation between microbial contamination and groundwater levels. These findings highlight the need for targeted pollution control strategies to mitigate seasonal fluctuations in water quality, particularly during monsoon periods.