World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 482

The “written landscape” of the central Sahara: recording and digitising the Tifinagh inscriptions in the Tadrart Acacus Mountains (Chapter 1)

Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus — 2015 — WHE80BA328870

A pioneering project has successfully recorded and digitized Tifinagh inscriptions in the Tadrart Acacus Mountains, revealing previously inaccessible historical documentation. This effort, part of the Endangered Archives Programme at the British Library, highlights the significance of preserving vulnerable archives that hold key insights into Saharan history. By employing advanced recording techniques, researchers have safeguarded a wealth of information that could redefine our understanding of past civilizations in the central Sahara. The study underscores the importance of digital preservation as a tool for both academic research and global heritage conservation.

The 12 prophets dataset

Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas — 2015 — WHE3A79C9957D

The 'Ajeijadinho 3D' project successfully created a comprehensive dataset of 3D digitized artworks by the renowned Brazilian sculptor Aleijadinho, including the 12 prophets at the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas. This initiative leveraged advanced 3D scanning technology to non-invasively capture intricate details from distances of 10 to 30 meters, eliminating the need for site preparation or isolation. The dataset, accessible via a web portal (http://www.aleijadinho3d.icmc.usp.br), enables detailed visualization and interaction with these cultural treasures, fostering preservation and dissemination. Collaborative efforts between the University of São Paulo and Imprimate ensured meticulous processing of the 3D meshes, highlighting the potential of digital technology in safeguarding UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

The 2013 Judgment of the ICJ in theTemple of Preah VihearCase and the Protection of World Cultural Heritage Sites in Wartime

Temple of Preah Vihear — 2015 — WHEE775E16561

A critical analysis of the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) 2013 judgment in the Temple of Preah Vihear case reveals its narrow interpretation of states' obligations under the World Heritage Convention, particularly concerning the protection of cultural heritage during wartime. While the ICJ emphasized cooperation between Cambodia and Thailand for safeguarding the temple—a site of 'outstanding universal value'—it overlooked the applicability of wartime heritage protection regimes. This study dissects the Court's jurisprudence, highlighting its implications for international cultural heritage law and broader legal frameworks. By contextualizing the judgment within evolving global standards, it underscores gaps in the ICJ's approach that could compromise the preservation of vulnerable sites during conflicts.

The Advantages of Prambanan Temple Existence and Its Conservation

Prambanan Temple Compounds — 2015 — WHE68392BADE3

Prambanan Temple faces significant challenges due to its rapidly increasing visitor numbers, which threaten its sustainability. Research indicates that while Prambanan offers substantial economic and tourism benefits, its conservation is critical to maintaining its structural integrity and cultural value. The study highlights the need for robust conservation efforts to ensure the temple remains stable and undamaged, balancing the demands of tourism with preservation requirements. This balance is essential not only for sustaining economic activities but also for preserving a site of immense historical and educational significance.

The Advantages of Using Laser Scanners in Surveying in Protected Sites

Historic Areas of Istanbul — 2015 — WHE1C4238065D

Terrestrial laser scanning offers significant advantages for documenting historical edifices in protected areas, providing highly accurate three-dimensional point cloud data that can be transformed into detailed 3D models and orthophotographs. This technology mitigates challenges associated with large-scale surveying, saving time while capturing intricate details of structures. A case study from the Historic Peninsula in Istanbul demonstrates its application, showcasing how laser scanning was used to generate comprehensive 3D point clouds of street silhouettes and facades, which were then transposed into survey images and drawings. The findings highlight the potential of this method for preserving and analyzing historical sites with unprecedented precision.

The Advent and Schisms of Sufi Orders in Mozambique, 1896–1964

Island of Mozambique — 2015 — WHEA87AA01DA1

Sufi orders, particularly the Shadhuliyya and Qadiriyya, experienced significant expansion among local Muslims in Mozambique during the colonial era (1896–1964), leading to the formation of eight autonomous branches. This study reveals that their growth was driven by historical context and internal schisms, while Portuguese colonial officials only began closely monitoring Sufism late in the period due to its role in the independence struggle. The research combines archival work from Mozambique and Portugal with fieldwork across key sites, including Mozambique Island, Angoche, Nampula, Pemba, and Maputo, offering a rare in-depth look at Sufi identity and rituals in the region.

The aftershock processes of strong earthquakes in the Western Caucasus

Western Caucasus — 2015 — WHE99D20B52CA

Strong earthquakes in the Western Caucasus can disrupt gas hydrate layers along fault zones, leading to nonrelaxation aftershock processes. Researchers analyzed four significant quakes—including the 1991 Racha and 2012 East Black Sea events—and found that the latter deviated from typical aftershock behavior due to fluid-dynamic instability caused by main shock destruction of gas hydrates. Using the LPL relaxation model and ETAS triggered seismicity model, they revealed distinct aftershock characteristics tied to fault zone properties, highlighting a rare seismic mechanism linked to subsurface geological changes.

The Anti-Adherent Activity of Plant Extracts onPenicillium CommuneSpores Causing Cedar Wood Decay: An ESEM Analysis

Medina of Fez — 2015 — WHEE3DA80A68B

Plant extracts from Myrtus communis and Thymus vulgaris demonstrate significant anti-adhesion activity against Penicillium commune spores, which cause cedar wood decay—a critical issue due to microbial resistance. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) analysis revealed that ultrasonication-extracted samples reduced spore adhesion by up to 67% compared to traditional maceration methods, with M. communis showing particularly strong efficacy at 20 mg/mL concentrations. These findings highlight the potential of these extracts as bioactive agents for novel wood preservation formulations, offering a sustainable alternative to conventional antimicrobial treatments.

The Application of qInternet plus Old Town Protectionq in Old Town of Lijiang

Old Town of Lijiang — 2015 — WHE385FFF0ABA

A groundbreaking approach using 'Internet plus Old Town Protection' has been successfully implemented to safeguard the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Old Town of Lijiang. This method leverages Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to collect and analyze data in real-time, enabling effective management and protection of this culturally significant site. The integration of IoT facilitates comprehensive monitoring, ensuring that the historical integrity and natural features of the town are preserved while addressing its vulnerability and non-renewable nature. This innovative strategy offers a model for other heritage sites facing similar challenges.

The Archaeological Site of Persepolis (Iran): Study of the Finishing Technique of the Bas-Reliefs and Architectural Surfaces

Persepolis — 2015 — WHE1ABD525BD7

Research at Persepolis reveals that the dark grey limestone used in its imperial monuments was intentionally covered with a thin, whitish layer containing fluorapatite and calcite. This layer likely originated from calcined animal bones, with slaked lime serving as a binder. The discovery of a kiln with calcined bone remains and a waste pit further supports this finding. Additionally, a second white layer, possibly barium sulphate, was found beneath surface encrustation, suggesting remnants of a polychrome finishing. The study, part of the 'From Palace to Town' project, involved petrographic analysis, decay assessment, and conservation treatment testing.

The archaeology of Bindjarran rockshelter in Manilikarr Country, Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory

Kakadu National Park — 2015 — WHE8B387E48C5

Archaeological excavations at Bindjarran rockshelter in Kakadu National Park have uncovered evidence of continuous human settlement on the East Alligator River floodplain from the terminal Pleistocene era to the twentieth century. This finding aligns with previous regional studies, providing significant insights into Aboriginal societal structures during the Big Swamp phase, Freshwater phase, and the last 600 years. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, integrating archaeological, ethnographic, and rock art data, with a focus on dated distributions of stone artifacts to reconstruct historical patterns of human activity in the region.

The Arthur of the Italians: The Arthurian Legend in Medieval Italian Literature and Culture ed. by Gloria Allaire, and F. Regina Psaki (review)

Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena — 2015 — WHE77329CB46D

A comprehensive exploration of the Arthurian legend's influence on medieval Italian literature and culture reveals its significant yet understudied presence. The study, edited by Gloria Allaire and F. Regina Psaki, highlights that while Arthurian themes were more prevalent in prose romances, cantari, and Renaissance works rather than long verse romances, they played a crucial role in shaping Italian literary traditions. It also notes the complex linguistic landscape of early medieval Italy, where Arthurian texts emerged in Hebrew, Greek, and French before developing distinctly in Italian. The research employs comparative analysis to trace the evolution of Arthurian narratives across genres, including lyric poetry and prose, and examines their diffusion through key geographical centers. This volume fills a critical gap by providing the first full-length study on Italian Arthuriana since 1936, offering insights into its development, reception, and cultural significance.

The Avignon Bridge: a 3D Reconstruction Project Integrating Archaeological, Historical and Gemorphological Issues

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2015 — WHE1A1AD686D5

A groundbreaking interdisciplinary project has successfully reconstructed the Avignon Bridge using advanced 3D digital modeling techniques. This reconstruction integrates archaeological, historical, and geomorphological data to virtually restore the bridge's connection between Avignon and Villeneuve-lez-Avignon, which once served as a critical link between Lyon/Vienna and the sea after the Roman bridge of Arles disappeared. The project, spanning four years and involving five laboratories, employed satellite imagery, UAV-based acquisitions, terrestrial laser scanning, and photogrammetry to create a 50 km² digital model. Additionally, this research has been integrated into an augmented reality application, enabling tourists to explore the virtual reconstruction through tablets. This work not only enhances our understanding of the bridge's historical and geomorphological significance but also sets a new standard for interdisciplinary heritage preservation.

The Basis and Operation of Windcatcher in Architecture of Iran's Lut Desert Suburbs: Case Study of Shahdad, Iran

Lut Desert — 2015 — WHE32A3DB27A1

Iran's traditional windcatchers, used for centuries to harness desert winds for natural ventilation and cooling, remain a highly efficient architectural solution despite advancements in technology. A study focusing on the Lut Desert, particularly the city of Shahdad, demonstrates that these structures can effectively mitigate the region's harsh climatic conditions by providing passive cooling for both public and private spaces. The research, employing descriptive-analytic methods to review past studies, highlights the enduring value of windcatchers in modern architecture, offering a sustainable alternative to mechanized cooling systems. This approach not only preserves historical architectural practices but also addresses contemporary challenges of energy efficiency and adaptability in extreme environments.

The Bayreuth Festspielhaus: The Metaphysical Manifestation of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen

Margravial Opera House Bayreuth — 2015 — WHE5F775703BE

Contrary to Wagner's theoretical advocacy for equality among operatic art forms, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus design elevates music above other elements, as demonstrated by its unique architecture. This study challenges the prevailing belief that Bayreuth and Der Ring des Nibelungen embody Gesamtkunstwerk, instead arguing that they internalize drama to prioritize musical supremacy. The research juxtaposes Wagner's theoretical writings with modern interpretations, such as those of Daniel Barenboim, while tracing Wagner's philosophical influences from Feuerbach and Schopenhauer. By analyzing the architectural and performance dimensions, this work encourages a critical reevaluation of how theatre design, composition, and performance interact to manifest artistic works.

The Best Laid Plans

iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park — 2015 — WHE72614D12BD

A critical analysis reveals that conservation efforts at the iSimangaliso Wetland Park inadvertently restrict local communities' agency despite South Africa's strong human rights framework. The study identifies a conceptual conflict between human rights and the capability approach in the park's market-driven sustainable development strategy, which constrains the freedom of inhabitants like KwaDapha village to pursue their values and norms. This finding underscores the unintended consequences of conflating these distinct frameworks in conservation management.

The Big Picture: bright beams bring Buddhas back

Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley — 2015 — WHE57373F1E4F

In June 2015, laser light projection temporarily resurrected the Bamiyan Buddhas, iconic 6th-century statues destroyed by the Taliban in 2001. The technology, developed by Chinese adventurers Janson Yu and Liyan Hu, projected 3D images of the 53- and 35-meter-tall Buddhas onto their original cliffside locations using a specialized projector. This demonstration showcased the potential for digital restoration to visually reconstruct lost cultural heritage, offering both symbolic revival and a proof-of-concept for preserving archaeological sites through innovative projection techniques.

The bioturbation of Olympic marmots ( Marmota olympus ) and their impacts on soil properties

Olympic National Park — 2015 — WHE13079486B8

Olympic marmots significantly alter soil properties through bioturbation, with abandoned burrows showing reduced compaction and organic matter compared to undisturbed sites. Surface temperatures were warmer on marmot-disturbed soils, while subsurface temperatures were cooler. Surprisingly, other soil characteristics like moisture, texture, pH, salinity, and macronutrients remained similar between disturbed and undisturbed areas. The study suggests that marmots influence both physical and chemical soil properties, though further research is needed to determine the duration and extent of these impacts.

The Bomb in the Museum: Nuclear Technology and the Human Element

Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) — 2015 — WHEB77A71F5B2

Nuclear museums in the U.S., particularly those funded by the Department of Energy, face a significant challenge: balancing the celebration of nuclear technology's civilian benefits with the acknowledgement of its devastating military applications. This study reveals that curating such narratives is fraught with contradictions, especially in the post-9/11 era where national security imperatives shape public perceptions. A comparison with the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum underscores that exhibiting 'nuclear victory' is more problematic than depicting nuclear victimhood. The research approach involves analyzing how these museums navigate this duality, reflecting on the complex legacy of American nuclearism and its global impact.

The Bonobo Pan paniscus (Mammalia: Primates: Hominidae) nesting patterns and forest canopy layers in the Lake Tumba forests and Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo

Salonga National Park — 2015 — WHE8C12240560

Research reveals a strong correlation between bonobo nesting patterns and specific forest structures within Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. Bonobos preferentially nest in mixed mature forests with closed understories, where leaf-covered areas (LCA) at mid-storey elevations (4–16 m) are significantly higher compared to non-nesting sites. This preference is not observed in open or secondary forest types. The study systematically analyzed 134 transects, measuring canopy cover, structure, tree densities, and basal areas, while calculating LCA for seven forest types. Notably, nesting sites exhibited greater mid-storey leaf cover (55–55%) than non-nesting sites (39–42%), suggesting that bonobos favor habitats with complex vertical stratification. These findings highlight the importance of closed-canopy, mature forests in bonobo habitat selection and conservation efforts.

The Bravo Test and the Death and Life of the Global Ecosystem in the Early Anthropocene

Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site — 2015 — WHE33584E51FC

The Bravo Test, a hydrogen bomb detonated by the United States at Bikini Atoll on March 1, 1954, revealed profound and far-reaching ecological consequences. The weapon's yield exceeded expectations by threefold, releasing radioactive fallout that contaminated vast areas of the Marshall Islands and beyond. This contamination displaced thousands of residents, many of whom were never able to return home due to persistent radiation levels. The study underscores the global impact of nuclear testing, illustrating how a localized event can have widespread ecological and human health repercussions. The research approach involves analyzing historical records and scientific data to document the immediate and long-term effects of the Bravo Test on both the environment and human populations.

The Bronze Calyx-Krater from the ‘Heuzey B’ Tomb in Vergina (Ancient Aigai)

Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina) — 2015 — WHE732F6F6073

A bronze calyx-krater, adorned with Maenad masks on its handles, was uncovered in the 'Heuzey B' tomb at Vergina (ancient Aigai), reinforcing its significance as a funerary urn from the late 4th century BC. This discovery, part of the Heuzey burial group, contributes to a small but notable collection of similar bronze kraters from Macedonia, including findings from Vergina-Aigai and Pydna, as well as comparative studies in Athens. The krater's dating aligns with archaeological evidence, underscoring its cultural and historical importance within the broader context of ancient Macedonian burial practices.

The Bryophyte Flora of the Vatican City State

Vatican City — 2015 — WHE5529EBDAEE

A comprehensive bryological survey of Vatican City State reveals 121 taxa of bryophytes, including 14 liverworts and 107 mosses, with significant biogeographical implications. Notably, one liverwort and nine moss species are newly recorded for the Lazio Region, with Tortula bolanderi marking the first report for the Italian peninsula. The study, conducted primarily in the Vatican Gardens, fills a critical gap in the unexplored bryological landscape of this territory, contributing valuable data to regional flora knowledge.

The business of D-Day: an exploratory study of consumer behaviour

Beaches of the D-Day Landings, Normandy, 1944 — 2015 — WHED1F8288707

Economic pressures on heritage tourism can undermine the perceived quality and sacredness of historically significant sites, leading to their commodification. This study identifies key determinants of visitor experience quality at Normandy's D-Day landing sites—including historical significance, gravitas, ambience, exhibit authenticity, and respect in display—which offer a framework for 'experience engineering' to mitigate this inverse relationship between economic imperatives and perceived value. The research employed qualitative methods, analyzing visitor interactions at five academic-led sites using consumer behavior models (Holt’s metaphors of consumption and the sacred/profane dichotomy) alongside concepts of authenticity and verisimilitude from MacCannell.

The Business of Prostitution in Early Renaissance Venice

Venice and its Lagoon — 2015 — WHE5D907D0DDB

Venice's late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries saw the establishment of a legalized prostitution system, managed by government officials and primarily operated by women brothel-keepers. This study reveals how debt and credit mechanisms within this system often subjugated prostitutes to their brothel-keepers and other creditors, limiting their autonomy. The research also explores the integration of sex workers into local society and traces broader trends in Venetian policy toward prostitution up to the sixteenth century. By analyzing archival records, the study reconstructs the economic and social dynamics of this unique business model, offering insights into gender roles and state regulation during the Renaissance.

The Cambridge World History

Chaco Culture — 2015 — WHEA004B4AFEB

A comprehensive analysis of global developments from 1200 BCE to 900 CE reveals the formation and expansion of powerful states, empires, and cross-cultural networks, alongside transformative changes in science, technology, economic systems, social hierarchies, and cultural practices. The study, part of The Cambridge World History, employs a multidisciplinary approach to examine critical transitions across Eurasia, the Mediterranean, South Asia, Africa, East Asia, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania. It highlights specific regional studies, including trade dynamics along the Silk Roads and Sahara, Chaco culture in the US Southwest, and Confucianism's role in East Asian governance, offering a nuanced understanding of historical processes that shaped these civilizations.

The Casbah: Reimagining the Counter-Space

Kasbah of Algiers — 2015 — WHE6BEFF33DA5

A novel urban and architectural strategy, termed 'counter-space,' is proposed to reintegrate Algerian youth into the heart of Algiers' Casbah by leveraging interstitial spaces like scaffolding and abandoned plots. This approach involves creating temporary structures that physically situate youth within their context, fostering confrontation between them and their environment. The resulting counter-space aims to provide a platform for self-determination and expression, addressing the psychological impact of the Algerian Civil War on young residents.

The Castagnone Site (Cerrina Valley, Monferrato Hills, NW Italy): Early Pleistocene Sedimentary Record and Biochronology

Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato — 2015 — WHE9367F6D055

Research at the Castagnone site in Italy's Cerrina Valley reveals a significant early Pleistocene sedimentary record, dating back approximately 1.07 to 0.99 million years ago during the Jaramillo Subchron. The study identified two alluvial units with distinct faunal remains, including Galerian macrofauna and microtine vole teeth, suggesting a dynamic paleoenvironmental history. Sediment analysis also indicated progressive syn-sedimentary tilting, linked to tectonic uplift in the Monferrato Hills, which appears to have stabilized before the deposition of the second alluvial unit. This finding provides crucial insights into the geological and biological evolution of the region during a pivotal period of Earth's history.

The Catuspatha Pattern in Balinese Palace: Architectural Conservation and Challenges

Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the Subak System as a Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy — 2015 — WHE4666255AF1

Balinese palaces, rooted in pre-colonial architecture and deeply intertwined with the Tri Hita Karana philosophy, face significant conservation challenges amid tourism development and globalization. These structures, historically located at road intersections (catuspatha) and embodying sacred values like pempatanagung, retain their cultural significance despite Bali's unified governance. The study reveals that while these palaces symbolize a bygone era of Balinese society, their preservation must balance modern pressures with traditional reverence. Through extensive literature reviews, surveys, and observational inventories at multiple palaces, the research highlights the need for strategies that respect Balinese cultural heritage while accommodating global influences.

The chronology and the historical context of the construction of the Studenica monastery: Contribution to the study

Studenica Monastery — 2015 — WHE37587269F1

A new analysis of early hagiographies and political records reveals that the construction of Studenica Monastery under Stefan Nemanja was closely tied to Byzantine influences, particularly during the reign of Emperor Isaac II Angelos. The study identifies a chrysobull issued by Nemanja, along with his title of 'samodrzac' (autokrator), as key historical markers that date the monastery's founding and contextualize its architectural development within broader political relations between Serbia and Byzantium.

The Civic World of Early Renaissance Florence

Historic Centre of Florence — 2015 — WHE1A1DF6D695

A key insight into the transition of Florence from a medieval to a Renaissance city is that changes in social order, particularly the shift from corporate to elitist politics, were pivotal. This study provides a detailed socio-political history by analyzing archival material, revealing how the Black Death weakened traditional corporate entities and how the guild regime (1378-1382) marked the beginning of political readjustment. The research also examines the impact of foreign affairs, such as the Visconti wars, which solidified an elitist regime post-Giangaleazzo Visconti's death. Originally published in 1977, this work remains a foundational text for understanding the development of early Renaissance Florence.

The Collections of Pontifical Tithes from the Diocese of Oradea Between 1332-1337

Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge — 2015 — WHE0AC134AD96

A rare and atypical record of pontifical tithes collected from the Diocese of Oradea between 1332–1337 reveals unique insights into financial strategies during the papacy's centralization in Avignon. Unlike standard practices, these collections were marked by collector reluctance and local stakeholder influence, yet they sustained vital funds for the Apostolic Camera. The study analyzes a Latin register transcribed from this period, detailing tithes from eleven Hungarian dioceses, with the Diocese of Oradea listed first. This document, preserved in Monumenta Vaticana Hungariae, provides structural and fiscal data absent in other sources, offering a nuanced view of medieval financial diplomacy and ecclesiastical administration.

The community distribution of bacteria and fungi on ancient wall paintings of the Mogao Grottoes

Mogao Caves — 2015 — WHED210F7520C

A study of ancient wall paintings in the Mogao Grottoes reveals that fungal community diversity correlates with the age of the caves, independent of environmental factors. This finding suggests that older cave paintings may be more susceptible to biodeterioration due to specific microbial interactions. Researchers analyzed ten samples from five caves using both culture-independent and culture-dependent methods, uncovering a high diversity of bacteria and fungi. While bacterial communities varied without clear temporal or spatial patterns, fungal diversity showed a significant relationship with the age of the grottoes. Additionally, many culturable strains exhibited resistance to various stresses, potentially contributing to the damage observed in these ancient paintings.

The complexity of heritage and societal development - The example of Gjirokastra, Albania

Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra — 2015 — WHE727E689C96

Gjirokastra, Albania, exemplifies the complex interplay between heritage preservation and societal development. The study reveals that while efforts to protect older structures and archaeological sites have intensified, post-war industrial sites—key to understanding the city's full historical context—are deteriorating due to economic instability since the 1990s. This decline is exacerbated by high unemployment and a drug-trafficking economy, posing challenges to securing heritage assets for positive societal growth. The research highlights the need for integrated approaches to heritage management that address both cultural preservation and socio-economic development in post-communist societies.

The Construction of Aboriginal Dwellings and Histories in the Wet Tropics

Wet Tropics of Queensland — 2015 — WHE4E063E1B22

Aboriginal building traditions of the Girramay people in Queensland's Wet Tropics persisted into the 20th century, offering rare insight into pre-colonial settlement patterns and construction practices. This study refines understanding of these traditions by combining archival analysis with oral histories and the reconstruction of twelve traditional dwellings (2002–2004). It challenges generalized narratives from settler-era archives, demonstrating their limitations in capturing Indigenous architectural knowledge.

The Content of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments of the Streams of the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve and the Streams Draining Mines of the Transit Zone of the Reserve

Central Sikhote-Alin — 2015 — WHE1A03D8F5F1

Elevated concentrations of heavy metals, particularly zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd), were found in the bottom sediments of streams draining tin mines within the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Reserve, exceeding permissible soil levels. The study defined background ranges for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), Zn, and Cd in the reserve's streams, revealing significant metal enrichment near mining areas. Notably, Cu concentrations remained elevated even 10 km from the mines, while sediments from a gold and silver mine showed increased Cu, manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) without exceeding permissible limits. Tailing ponds were enriched in Cu and Pb but lacked Cd, Ni, and Zn compared to background levels. The research analyzed fine-grained sediment fractions (<0.1 mm) from reserve streams and mining-affected areas, providing critical data on metal contamination dynamics.

The contested nature of heritage and the dilemmas of building cultural citizenship: the case of Italy

Historic Centre of Naples — 2015 — WHE5625E9F102

Cultural heritage, when mobilized without critical examination of its conceptual limits and internal differences, risks becoming exclusionary. This study highlights the contested nature of heritage and public memory, particularly in disaster-stricken cities like L’Aquila and Naples. It argues that strategic essentialism is necessary to effectively counter undesirable reconstruction programs or resist threats of speculation and evictions in historic centers. The research draws on theoretical frameworks to expose how disparate understandings of heritage challenge the grandiloquent posturing of public intellectuals who view architectural patrimony as a cornerstone for national cultural citizenship.

The continental record of Marine Isotope Stage 11 (Middle Pleistocene) on the Iberian Peninsula characterized by herpetofaunal assemblages

Archaeological Site of Atapuerca — 2015 — WHE008EDDDE2A

A new analysis of herpetofaunal assemblages from three key Acheulean sites on the Iberian Peninsula—Gran Dolina (Atapuerca), Áridos-1 (Madrid), and Ambrona (Soria)—reveals that Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11) experienced warmer and wetter conditions than today, with mean annual temperatures ranging from +0.3 to +2.7 °C and precipitation from +74.4 to +311.7 mm. The study suggests a progressive decline in temperature and rainfall toward the end of MIS 11, while also confirming the persistence of woodland habitats during interglacial and interstadial periods. Researchers applied mutual climatic range and habitat weighting methods to these assemblages, leveraging the ecological data of extant amphibians and reptiles to reconstruct past environmental conditions with unprecedented precision.

The Cults of Uruk and Babylon: The Temple Ritual Texts as Evidence for Hellenistic Cult Practice

Babylon — 2015 — WHE7582437E51

Temple ritual texts from ancient Uruk and Babylon reveal that public cults remained significant in Hellenistic Mesopotamia, at least until the first century B.C. These texts, analyzed for their reliability as historical sources, provide detailed accounts of festivals, rituals, ceremonies, and offerings during this period. The study includes previously unpublished text fragments, offering new insights into Mesopotamian religious practices. The research demonstrates the active engagement of Mesopotamians in matters of religion and cult, highlighting the enduring importance of these practices despite Hellenistic influences.

The cultural and economic significance of Hampi festival

Group of Monuments at Hampi — 2015 — WHEEB7F0DFEEA

Hampi festival, revived by the Government of Karnataka and held at Hampioffers substantial untapped cultural and economic potential. This festival, a grand spectacle featuring dance, music, fireworks, and processions, recreates the opulence of the Vijayanagara Empire while attracting national and international visitors. Focus group discussions with stakeholders revealed opportunities for improvement, highlighting its significance as both a cultural extravaganza and an economic driver. The study emphasizes leveraging such large-scale festivals to maximize cultural heritage preservation and economic benefits.

The Cultural Politics of Progenic Auschwitz Tattoos: 157622, A-15510, 4559, …

Auschwitz Birkenau German Nazi Concentration and Extermination Camp (1940-1945) — 2015 — WHE062DCA427F

Progenic Auschwitz tattoos, where descendants of Holocaust survivors bear their ancestors' camp numbers, represent a distinct form of trauma tattoo that reshapes intergenerational memory. This practice, analyzed through semiotic and affective lenses, reveals how postmemory reconfigures the original sign's meaning, making visible the enduring impact of the Holocaust across generations. The study highlights shifting social norms around public remembrance, demonstrating how progenic tattoos serve as both a pedagogical tool and an affective marker of historical trauma.

The Cultural Tourism Management under Context of World Heritage Sites: Stakeholders’ Opinions between Luang Prabang Communities, Laos and Muang-kao Communities, Sukhothai,Thailand

Town of Luang Prabang — 2015 — WHE81B687DB27

A comparative study of stakeholder perspectives on cultural tourism management in UNESCO World Heritage Sites reveals three key groups shaping policy and promotion: government agencies, entrepreneurs, and the general public. In Luang Prabang, Laos, and Muang-kao, Thailand, stakeholders emphasize preservation under the 'Live World Heritage Town' concept while advocating for broader public participation. Government bodies like the Heritage House (Laos) and Tourism Authority of Thailand oversee heritage management, while entrepreneurs drive tourism services and training. The public supports government-led efforts but insists on active involvement in heritage conservation, reflecting differing yet aligned priorities between these UNESCO-protected sites established in 1995 (Luang Prabang) and 1991 (Sukhothai). This qualitative research highlights the balance between governance, economic engagement, and community-driven preservation in sustaining cultural tourism.

The D-Day Landing on Gold Beach : 6 June 1944

Beaches of the D-Day Landings, Normandy, 1944 — 2015 — WHEF047BFDB24

Contrary to historical accounts, the D-Day landing on Gold Beach (6 June 1944) was not a straightforward operation. While armor support and pre-landing bombing were intended to weaken German defenses, the bombing largely missed its targets, and many landing craft failed due to harsh sea conditions. The success of the Gold Beach landing instead relied on the resilience of assault units and the adaptability of follow-up forces, which secured the British Army's right flank in Normandy. This study challenges the narrative by analyzing primary sources from The National Archives and the Imperial War Museum, revealing the critical role of flexibility and determination in overcoming logistical and tactical obstacles during one of history's largest amphibious invasions.

The Darts of Dawn: The Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli Venus Complex in the Iconography of Mesoamerica and the American Southwest

Archaeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes — 2015 — WHEC890A622EB

A striking parallel emerges between the symbolic roles of Venus as the Morning Star in Mesoamerica and the American Southwest, particularly in relation to warfare and cosmology. The study reveals that while these regions share a complex Venus iconography, it likely originated from Postclassic period interactions rather than enduring shared cosmologies. Tracing the dissemination of this symbolism—evident by AD 900 in West Mexico, AD 1200 in Northwest Mexico (e.g., Paquimé), and AD 1300 in the American Southwest—the research suggests that cultural exchange during the Aztatlán tradition’s expansion influenced its spread. Comparisons between Mesoamerica’s Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, a skeletal deity linked to Quetzalcoatl, and the Hopi Morning Star deity Sotuqnangu highlight historically related attributes. The study posits that this ritual-symbolic complex, tied to warfare and fertility, was disseminated through expanding networks rather than ancient continuity.

The Deformation and Conservation of Pietradura on “Naulakha Pavilion” and “Shishma?al” in The Fort of Lahore

Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore — 2015 — WHE5B3541B793

Mughal Pietradura, a sophisticated marble inlay technique using precious and semi-precious stones, reached its zenith during the reigns of Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan (16th–17th centuries), with the Naulakha Pavilion in Lahore representing its most refined and indigenous manifestation. This study examines the deformation patterns and conservation challenges of Pietradura across two iconic structures: the Naulakha Pavilion and Shish Mahal within the Fort of Lahore. Through material analysis, design examination, and time-effect assessment, the research highlights the Mughals' masterful craftsmanship, aesthetic choices, and the durability of their stonework. Findings underscore Shah Jahan's reign as a period of exceptional refinement in Pietradura, paralleling its use in other monumental works like the Taj Mahal and Moti Masjid.

The dynamic behaviour of the roof interventions in the Basilica San Francesco in Assisi

Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites — 2015 — WHEA11F4F8A96

Research reveals that roof interventions in the Basilica of San Francesco, Assisi, significantly altered its seismic response during the 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquake. These modifications decreased the structure's fundamental period, redirecting seismic loads toward the façade and transept, likely contributing to the collapse of two Gothic vaults. The study employed a simple analytical model to assess how changes in roof stiffness and mass over centuries influenced the basilica's dynamic behavior during the second shock. Findings suggest that cumulative damage from previous earthquakes and retrofitting interventions may have played a critical role in the 1997 collapse, highlighting the complex interplay between historical modifications and seismic vulnerability.

The Earliest Maiolica Ceramic Dishes in the Old Town in Vilnius

Vilnius Historic Centre — 2015 — WHE8892BD79D0

Archaeological analysis of maiolica ceramic dishes from the late 16th and early 17th centuries in Vilnius' Old Town reveals their production origins, providing new insights into the rarity and cultural significance of these items during a period when they served both aesthetic and luxury functions. Five plates were traced to Antwerp, one to Faenza (Italy), and another fragment to Liguria or Venice, based on technical and stylistic characteristics. Notably, three plates featured holes for wall hanging, indicating their dual role as decorative and functional objects. The study also links four dishes to Catholic monasteries, deepening our understanding of maiolica's role in Vilnius' daily life during this era.

The early 8thcentury A.D. zoomorphic iconography of the wall decorations in Qasr al-Amra, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Quseir Amra — 2015 — WHE8A350F1D06

The early 8th-century A.D. zoomorphic iconography of Qasr al-Amra, Jordan, reveals a rich depiction of local fauna, including snakes, birds (herons, flamingos, cranes, peacocks, and partridges), carnivores (brown bears, wildcats, and pika), and ungulates (Syrian onagers and Persian gazelles). These illustrations likely draw influence from the Iranian epic poem Shâh Nâmeh and other traditional Sassanid and Muslim texts. The study analyzes the surviving wall paintings, providing insights into the artistic and cultural context of the Umayyad period. By examining these decorations, researchers uncover a blend of local wildlife representation and literary influences, offering a unique glimpse into the iconography of the time.

The early Pleistocene deciduous hominid molar FS ‐72 from the Sangiran dome of java, Indonesia: A taxonomic reappraisal based on its comparative endostructural characterization

Sangiran Early Man Site — 2015 — WHE3AA1DD51A1

A reappraisal of the early Pleistocene hominid molar FS-72 from the Sangiran Dome, Java, challenges its long-standing classification as part of the Homo erectus hypodigm. Using advanced 2-3D virtual imaging and geometric morphometric analyses, researchers found that FS-72's internal structure—characterized by thinner enamel and a pongine-like enamel-dentine junction morphology—more closely resembles fossil orangutans (Pongo) than Homo erectus or modern humans. This discovery underscores the complexity of taxonomic assignments for isolated teeth in Java's Pleistocene deposits, where overlap between hominid and great ape traits complicates identification. The study highlights the significance of endostructural analysis in resolving ambiguous fossil classifications.

The Economic History of Urbanization

Ancient Jericho/Tell es-Sultan — 2015 — WHEB2F6D9E426

Ancient Jericho, located in the Jordan Valley, stands as a prime candidate for being the world's first city, with archaeological evidence indicating it housed approximately 2,000 inhabitants dating back to at least the ninth millennium BC. This discovery underscores the profound impact of urbanization on human progress, from engineering advancements to cultural flourishes like art and literature. Cities emerged because the collective benefits of close-knit living—such as enhanced social interactions and shared resources—outweighed the challenges. The study synthesizes historical and economic perspectives to highlight how urbanization has consistently driven human achievement across civilizations.