World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 89

Life stories

Willandra Lakes Region — 2024 — WHE2D220F72B4

Archaeological discoveries at the Willandra Lakes Region, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in western New South Wales, have reshaped our understanding of Australia's human history. The skeletal remains of Mungo Lady (WLH 1) and Mungo Man (WLH 3), dated to approximately 42,000 years ago during the late Pleistocene era, were found by geologist Jim Bowler in 1968 and 1974, respectively. These findings challenged the prevailing belief that Aboriginal Australians had arrived on the continent only a few thousand years prior, demonstrating instead a deep temporal continuity spanning tens of thousands of years. The discoveries, made during a geomorphological study of the region's interconnected lake system, also highlight the significance of Indigenous knowledge and land management practices in shaping the landscape over millennia.

Lifting the veil: pyrogeographic manipulation and the leveraging of environmental change by people across the Vale of Belvoir, Tasmania, Australia

Tasmanian Wilderness — 2024 — WHE235398B1BF

Research reveals that Palawa people in Tasmania strategically leveraged climatic changes to transform unproductive forests into open landscapes, supporting higher human occupation. This challenges the prevailing notion that human agency is only recognized when it opposes natural trends. By integrating geographical, dendrochronological, palaeoecological, archaeological, and palaeoclimatic data, the study demonstrates fine-scale heterogeneity in land management practices, reflecting diverse spatial scales of engagement with the environment. The findings caution against using coarse spatial methodologies that assume cultural homogeneity, reinforcing the need to abandon tropes of human agency acting solely in opposition to nature. This approach erases Indigenous peoples' roles in maintaining biodiverse and safe landscapes.

Light and Emotional Architecture: An Embodied Experience

Luis Barragán House and Studio — 2024 — WHEE49767DDF3

A strong correlation exists between architectural elements—such as form, materials, colors, and spatial arrangements—and their emotional impact on human experiences, particularly through the lens of light. This finding emerges from a pilot study conducted at Luis Barragán's House and Studio, where 22 interviews revealed how intentional design affordances shape perceived atmospheres. The research builds on Mathias Goeritz’s concept of 'Emotional Architecture,' suggesting that such designs can foster sustainable development on both individual and societal levels. Employing experiential observation, structured interviews, and qualitative-quantitative documentation, the study bridges phenomenology with architectural science to explore light’s role in shaping emotional responses.

Light drives nitrogen fixation in tropical montane cloud forests in Costa Rica

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park — 2024 — WHEA76738DFB4

Light significantly enhances nitrogen fixation by bryophytes in tropical montane cloud forests, with rates 57 times higher on epiphytic bryophytes compared to litter and 270 times greater than in soil. This process is more pronounced in secondary forests, suggesting that increased light exposure due to disturbance may accelerate ecosystem recovery. The study measured nitrogen fixation across primary and secondary cloud forests in Costa Rica's Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves, highlighting the critical role of light in this nitrogen cycle process.

Limnic gastropods and trematodes of public health concern in Barreirinhas, Maranhão State, Brazil

Lençóis Maranhenses National Park — 2024 — WHEF9DB714A2D

A survey of limnic gastropods in Barreirinhas, Maranhão State, Brazil, identified 1273 specimens of three species: Biomphalaria straminea (61%), Melanoides tuberculata (27.3%), and Pomacea sp. (11.7%). The study revealed that B. straminea, a vector for Schistosoma mansoni, was predominant, while Pomacea sp. hosted trematode larvae from the Microphallidae and Gymnophallidae families. Conducted between October 2021 and August 2022, this research highlights the potential public health risks posed by these gastropods in a region experiencing significant tourist influx within the Lençóis Maranhenses National Park (LMNP). The findings underscore the need for further investigation into zoonotic diseases in this ecologically and culturally significant area.

Linguistic landscape in George Town, Malaysia: Language visibility in a postcolonial and globalized context

Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca — 2024 — WHE34D3DA30DA

In George Town, Malaysia, English and Chinese languages dominate the linguistic landscape, reflecting postcolonial power dynamics and globalization. The study reveals that while English serves as a symbol of modernity and information carrier, Chinese is increasingly prominent, contrasting with the lesser visibility of Tamil and other minority languages. This pattern highlights ethnic boundaries in Chinatown and Little India, while Beach Street emerges as a multicultural hub blending local and global influences. The research method involved analyzing language visibility across three distinct neighborhoods, offering insights into social identities and power structures in a postcolonial, globalized context.

Linguistic Norm and Innovations in Nouns from the Middle Bulgarian Homiletic Cycle On the Seraphim, Translated by Dionisiy Divni

Rila Monastery — 2024 — WHE3EB809C9C5

A comparative linguistic analysis of Middle Bulgarian noun paradigms reveals significant grammatical transformations and innovations in the 12th–14th centuries, particularly in texts linked to the Tarnovo Literary School. The study identifies a shift towards analyticism in Bulgarian language structure, with key changes documented across multiple manuscripts, including the 'Song of Songs' from Rila Monastery and works by Zacchaeus the Philosopher. Chronological tracking shows how these innovations emerged, bridging pre-Euthymian translations and later literary developments. The research underscores the dynamic evolution of standard Bulgarian, offering insights into its historical trajectory through synchronic examination of noun paradigms.

Links between climatic histories and the rise and fall of a Pacific chiefdom

Nan Madol: Ceremonial Centre of Eastern Micronesia — 2024 — WHECF91D4A8B2

A new analysis of coral fragments and charcoal from Nan Madol, the ceremonial center of Pohnpei, reveals two major construction phases spanning the 10th to 15th centuries CE, predating earlier estimates. The study suggests that fluctuations in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and sea level rise due to subsidence challenged the Saudeleur Dynasty's ability to maintain Nan Madol, contributing to its eventual decline. This research provides a historical example of how adverse climatic conditions can drive significant societal changes, offering insights for modern island nations facing similar environmental pressures.

Lithic Industry in Khairkhan Cave, Mongolia

Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape — 2024 — WHEDA0AE58E5C

A newly discovered Paleolithic site, Khairkhan Cave in Mongolia's Khangai Mountains, provides rare insights into Upper Paleolithic human activity in the region. Excavations in 2022 uncovered a four-layer stratigraphic sequence, with layers 1-3 containing significant cultural and faunal remains, particularly layer 3, which yielded the most extensive archaeological assemblage. This industry, dating tentatively to between 20 and 30 thousand years ago (ka BP), is characterized by a flake-based toolkit with minor laminar components, utilizing both imported and local quartz raw materials. The presence of woolly rhinoceros remains and specific knapping techniques suggest an advanced stage of the Upper Paleolithic, comparable to other sites in Mongolia's Tolbor and Orkhon valleys. This discovery contributes to the understanding of Paleolithic adaptation and technological development in mountainous regions.

Liturgical Calendars, Saints and Services in Medieval England

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church — 2024 — WHE150C4C9EFA

A previously unknown psalter owned by Bishop Ralph Baldock (c. 1300) and the continued reading of Old English homilies at Canterbury Cathedral in the 1180s were uncovered, alongside new insights into liturgical practices involving key medieval figures like Thomas Becket and St. Hugh of Lincoln. The study also reveals why psalters are often paired with calendars and solves a hagiographical puzzle surrounding saints venerated on January 19th. Combining four unpublished papers with an introductory overview, the research employs historiographical and bibliographical analysis to reconstruct medieval liturgical traditions, including 'Sarum' services in late parish churches and the devotional practice of St Gregory’s Trental.

Lived Buddhism and Mount Wutai, China, in the Northern Dynasties (439–589) and Tang (618–907) Periods

Mount Wutai — 2024 — WHEBB194A0996

A central finding of this study is that food played a pivotal role in the lived religion of communities near Mount Wutai during the Northern Dynasties and Tang periods, reflecting tensions between local foodways and Buddhist practices. Analyzing narratives from Huixiang’s Ancient Chronicle of Mount Clear and Cool, particularly its understudied 'Miscellaneous Accounts of Branches and Tributaries' section, the research reveals how Buddhism's influence reshaped regional food procurement, distribution, and consumption as Mount Wutai became a focal point for the Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī cult. This approach offers a nuanced perspective on the interplay between religious adaptation and local traditions.

Local adaptation of Pinus leiophylla under climate and land use change models in the Avocado Belt of Michoacán

Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve — 2024 — WHEA37A0016DD

Research identifies the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve and surrounding eastern regions of Michoacán's Avocado Belt as critical conservation priorities for Pinus leiophylla, a tree species threatened by climate change and land use conversion. Using landscape genomics, scientists analyzed 3660 SNPs to pinpoint genetic adaptations across 19 localities, revealing that central-eastern areas face heightened vulnerability to climate shifts while western regions suffer from avocado orchard expansion. The study also highlights the potential of assisted gene flow strategies to mitigate these threats and emphasizes maintaining connectivity in forest patches, particularly in eastern zones. This work provides a robust framework for assessing tree population responses to dual anthropogenic pressures.

Local and exotic sources of sarsen debitage at Stonehenge revealed by geochemical provenancing

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites — 2024 — WHE0A3194AEEA

Geochemical analysis of sarsen fragments at Stonehenge reveals that, beyond the previously identified West Woods source on the Marlborough Downs, sarsen megaliths were sourced from at least three additional locations. Using pXRF and ICP-MS techniques, researchers found that 22 fragments cluster into distinct geochemical 'families,' none of which match the signature of Stone 58 or its equivalents. Further, 15 fragments can be traced to specific outcrops, including Monkton Down, Totterdown Wood, Bramdean in Hampshire, and Stoney Wish in East Sussex—some over 120 km away. One fragment from Monkton Down was identified as part of a flake likely removed during on-site dressing, suggesting another source area for the monument's megaliths. The findings challenge assumptions about Stonehenge's construction, hinting at complex sourcing practices and diverse origins for its sarsen stones.

Local forcing mechanisms challenge parameterizations of ocean thermal forcing for Greenland tidewater glaciers

Ilulissat Icefjord — 2024 — WHE59B517B7AF

Local fjord-scale processes significantly modify ocean thermal forcing at Greenland tidewater glaciers, challenging the accuracy of current large-scale ice sheet models. Research using idealized simulations found that bathymetric obstructions and iceberg submarine melting can alter near-glacier thermal forcing by up to 3°C, despite identical ocean boundary conditions. A common adjustment for fjord bathymetry allowed predictions within 0.2°C, while new parameterizations accounting for iceberg-driven cooling accurately replicated interior fjord thermal profiles in simulations and observations from Ilulissat Icefjord. This study highlights the need for refined models to incorporate these local mechanisms, improving predictions of Greenland Ice Sheet mass loss.

Local Perception of Traditional and Avocado Crops as Ecosystem Services in the Mariposa Monarch Biosphere Reserve

Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve — 2024 — WHE3C21149293

Local perceptions of traditional and avocado crops as ecosystem services vary significantly within the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, influenced by daily activities, livelihoods, and proximity to protected zones. The study found contrasting feelings toward these crops, with avocado monocultures—expanding rapidly at the expense of native forests—often viewed negatively due to their environmental impact. Traditional crops, meanwhile, are associated with more sustainable practices and positive ecological outcomes. These findings highlight the complex interplay between human livelihoods and ecosystem conservation, offering critical insights for inclusive management strategies that balance local needs with biodiversity protection.

Local—National—Global: Defining Indigenous Values of Murujuga’s Cultural Landscape in the Frame of International Patrimony

Murujuga Cultural Landscape — 2024 — WHEEDB4B9B84B

The pursuit of UNESCO World Heritage recognition for Murujuga, Australia, highlights a significant disconnect between Indigenous custodial values and the international framework of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV). While the Ngarda-Ngarli people seek global validation to strengthen protection against industrial encroachment, their conceptualization of ngurra (country) as an integrated natural and cultural domain challenges UNESCO's binary distinction. This study demonstrates that World Heritage status could empower local custodianship but also underscores the need for frameworks that better align with Indigenous perspectives.

Localized Canal Development Model Based on Titled Landscapes on the Grand Canal, Hangzhou Section, China

West Lake Cultural Landscape of Hangzhou — 2024 — WHE1FF654FC70

A localized canal development model for Hangzhou's Grand Canal section is proposed, integrating urban regeneration with cultural heritage preservation. The study identifies the 'Ten Canal Scenes' (TCS), which encapsulate the canal's historical, spatial, artistic, and spiritual significance while reflecting Hangzhou's unique characteristics. Using archival analysis, spatial statistics like average nearest neighbor (ANN) and nuclear density analysis, and clustering techniques, researchers mapped cultural landscape features and evaluated their conservation and utilization value. The model aims to enhance the comprehensive values of these titled landscapes, addressing socio-economic and cultural dimensions while reconciling heritage preservation with urban development. This approach offers a reference for balancing regeneration and heritage in other UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Long-Term Chironomid Emergence at a Karst Tufa Barrier in Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia

Plitvice Lakes National Park — 2024 — WHEDD0E92495F

A 14-year study at Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, revealed that water temperature and organic matter availability are the primary drivers of chironomid emergence, with faster-flowing lotic habitats supporting the highest abundance. Over 80 species were identified, dominated by Parametriocnemus stylatus. The research also observed a prolonged flight period in recent years, potentially linked to rising winter water temperatures, though not yet statistically significant. This long-term investigation provides critical insights into chironomid phenology and habitat preferences in diverse freshwater ecosystems.

Long-Term Comparative Analysis of Tourist Mobility Patterns in Southeast Asia

Hoi An Ancient Town — 2024 — WHE1D03C775F1

A comparative analysis of tourist mobility patterns in Southeast Asia reveals distinct regional preferences and movement trends over 20 years. Tourism in Indonesia is highly concentrated on Java and Bali, while Thailand and Vietnam exhibit more evenly distributed patterns, with Vietnam showing a balanced distribution across southern, central, and northern districts. Association rule mining highlights a strong preference for cultural and historical attractions, such as the Sacred Monkey Forest Sanctuary in Indonesia, The Grand Palace in Thailand, and landmarks like Hoi An Ancient Town and Central Post Office in Vietnam. This study leverages 527,960 online reviews from top destinations in these countries, employing network analysis to map evolving tourist movements and association rule mining to uncover destination preferences, providing actionable insights for tourism stakeholders and policymakers.

Long-Term Dynamics of a Cave Salamander Population in a Region under Changing Climate

Evaporitic Karst and Caves of Northern Apennines — 2024 — WHEC28F7AA5B0

A 27-year study of Strinati's Cave Salamanders (Speleomantes strinatii) in the Northern Apennines reveals that their population dynamics remain stable despite regional climate change. While local temperatures have risen steadily, precipitation has stayed constant, yet no directional trends were detected in salamander abundance, adult sex ratio, recruitment, or growth rates. The population's complex fluctuations suggest interactions between lagged density dependence and external factors, likely buffered by the thermal inertia of their subterranean habitat. This finding highlights the resilience of long-lived cave-dwelling species to aboveground climate signals.

Long-term isostatic relaxation of large terrestrial impact structures: structural characteristics inferred from scaled analogue experiments

Vredefort Dome — 2024 — WHED35F4DC91D

Analogue experiments reveal that long-term isostatic relaxation drives the formation of crater floor fractures through upward flexing, with lower crustal flow toward crater centers. This process, dependent on crater diameter and crustal strength, explains prominent structural vestiges like impact melt rock dikes observed in large terrestrial craters such as Sudbury and Vredefort. The study quantifies deformation zones in the upper crust, establishing a relationship between crater dimensions and fracture geometry. It also demonstrates that crater floor uplift is compensated by peripheral subsidence, potentially operating over hundreds of thousands of years. These findings provide insights into the structural evolution of impact craters on rocky celestial bodies.

Long-term monitoring of the hypogeal Etruscan Tomba degli Scudi, Tarquinia, Italy. Early detection of black spots, investigation of fungal community, and evaluation of their biodeterioration potential

Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia — 2024 — WHE9DECD09F21

A multi-analytical investigation of the Tomba degli Scudi in Tarquinia, Italy, identified common subterranean fungal strains—such as Gliomastix murorum and Pseudogymnoascus pannorum—as responsible for expanding black spots on its ancient Etruscan mural paintings. These fungi, found globally in similar environments like Lascaux Cave, pose a biodeterioration risk to the site's priceless artistic heritage. Long-term monitoring since 2016 enabled early detection and assessment of their harmful potential, demonstrating the efficacy of preventive conservation strategies for fragile hypogeal sites.

Long-term trend in the aquatic macroinvertebrate community of the Mancos River at Mesa Verde National Park: Aquatic macroinvertebrate monitoring 2008-2019

Mesa Verde National Park — 2024 — WHE9CD9C15003

A long-term study (2008–2019) of the Mancos River at Mesa Verde National Park reveals significant declines in sensitive aquatic macroinvertebrate taxa, driven by thermal and hydrologic stress. Key findings include excessive summer stream temperatures exceeding Colorado’s water quality standards and concurrent low-flow periods, both linked to declines in intolerant species such as Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera-Plecoptera-Trichoptera (EPT) taxa. The study used multi-metric indices to demonstrate ecological impairment at two monitoring sites, attributing these trends to climate-related stresses. Future management must prioritize tracking thermal and hydrologic conditions to mitigate impacts on stream ecosystems.

Long-term Variability of Ice Concentration in the Solovetsky Islands Area

Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands — 2024 — WHE4FA11101FB

A significant decline in ice concentration has been observed in the Solovetsky Islands area, with a notable reduction of 15–20% over the past four decades. This trend is linked to rising sea surface temperatures and changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, posing potential threats to the ecological balance of this UNESCO World Heritage Site. The study analyzed long-term satellite data (1978–2023) alongside in-situ measurements, revealing a shift from multi-year ice dominance to seasonal ice cover, particularly in the White Sea sector. These findings underscore the vulnerability of Arctic coastal ecosystems to climate change and highlight the need for adaptive conservation strategies.

Long-Term Volumetric Change Estimation of Red Ash Quarry Sites in the Afro-Alpine Ecosystem of Bale Mountains National Park in Ethiopia

Bale Mountains National Park — 2024 — WHEEC8E70C00C

Between 1967 and 2023, red ash quarrying in Bale Mountains National Park (BMNP), Ethiopia, resulted in a significant loss of surface volume, totaling 503,721 ± 27,970 m³ and 368,523 ± 30,003 m³ at two sites. This study quantified long-term volumetric changes using historical aerial photographs, Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry, and digital elevation models (DEMs). The research found that excavation rates increased substantially from 1984 to 2023 compared to the earlier period (1967–1984), with excavated areas expanding by 53,147 m² and 45,297 m². Additionally, gravel road construction led to habitat loss, reducing Afro-Alpine vegetation, ericaceous vegetation, and Afromontane forest by 476,860 m², 403,806 m², and 493,222 m² respectively. These changes threaten the park's endemic species, such as Lobelia rhynchopetalum, and highlight the urgent need for conservation to prevent further degradation of this critical Afro-Alpine ecosystem.

Los afrodescendientes esclavizados en la estancia jesuita de Jesús María (Córdoba) al momento de la expulsión

Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba — 2024 — WHECD1DC69C97

Afro-descendant enslaved individuals played a crucial role in sustaining the productivity of the Jesuit ranch at Jesús María, Córdoba, which supported the free education provided by the University of San Ignacio. Analysis of inventory data from the time of the expulsion reveals that these workers were essential for both self-sufficiency and market exchanges, though the findings are not representative of broader Jesuit practices. The study provides a demographic snapshot—including age, sex, and other variables—of this enslaved population, despite limitations in available documentation. This research highlights the significance of enslaved labor in the economic functioning of Jesuit establishments during a pivotal historical period.

Los seres antropomorfos y sus acciones rituales en la iconografía Tiwanaku

Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture — 2024 — WHE2DA9138D8A

A rare iconographic analysis of Tiwanaku art reveals that anthropomorphic beings with naturalistic features, primarily found on ceremonial ceramics, were likely performing ritual actions. These figures, devoid of animal totems but rich in spiritual connotations, suggest a distinct typology within Tiwanaku iconography. The study highlights their role as 'magical-active' images, embodying cosmic-religious principles and reflecting unique sacred experiences of this ancient civilization. Through an iconological approach, the research identifies consistent compositional rules across heterogeneous styles, underscoring the cultural significance of these representations in Tiwanaku's spiritual and political landscape.

Lost in Transition? Historical Geographies of World Heritage and Tourism in Bulgaria

Ancient City of Nessebar — 2024 — WHE9A8B94716D

Bulgaria's transition from socialism has left its UNESCO-listed Ancient City of Nessebar in a governance limbo, where outdated state-centric models persist despite political upheaval. A qualitative study combining interviews and archival research reveals that heritage tourism remains inefficiently managed, plagued by funding gaps, weak protection mechanisms, and uncertain policies. While the 1989 fall of socialism reshaped global power dynamics, its cultural legacy—particularly in heritage politics—has been overlooked. The findings underscore an urgent need for a new strategy to balance tourism growth with sustainable preservation, challenging post-socialist nations to redefine their approach to World Heritage conservation.

Low average shoreline change rate in 51 years on the raised Aldabra Atoll

Aldabra Atoll — 2024 — WHEBD886D566C

Aldabra Atoll, a raised atoll and UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Indian Ocean, has demonstrated remarkable resilience to sea level rise over 51 years. Despite regional sea level increases of 2–3 mm per year, 61% of its shoreline remained unchanged, while only 24% experienced low average change rates of 0.25 ± 0.36 meters per year—significantly lower than global atoll averages. Accretion and erosion were nearly balanced, affecting similar percentages (12%) of the shoreline, though localized changes included notable transformations like a sandy beach converting to mangrove habitat over 214 meters. Erosion impacted critical turtle nesting sites and the research station, while the lagoon shoreline showed more rapid changes than the ocean shoreline, particularly in areas exposed to wind and waves. The study, using aerial and satellite imagery analyzed via Digital Shoreline Analysis System, suggests that Aldabra’s adaptive capacity is comparable to other Indo-Pacific atolls, emphasizing the need for ongoing monitoring to inform conservation strategies and minimize local impacts on sediment dynamics.

Low host-plant nitrogen contributes to poor performance of heather beetle, an introduced weed biocontrol agent in New Zealand

Tongariro National Park — 2024 — WHEC8F978DC9B

Low nitrogen levels in heather plants likely explain the poor performance of the introduced heather beetle, an intended biocontrol agent for non-native heather in Tongariro National Park (TNP), New Zealand. The study found that heather in TNP has significantly lower nitrogen content (1.14% dry weight) compared to European samples (1.48%), a difference attributed to New Zealand's low air pollution and infertile soils. Fertilizing heather in controlled experiments increased its nitrogen levels, which in turn boosted beetle oviposition by 35% and adult body mass by 28%. Field trials from 2001 to 2015 further confirmed improved beetle performance on fertilized plots. These findings suggest that host-plant quality, specifically nitrogen content, may be a critical but understudied factor in the success of weed biocontrol agents.

Ludność chrześcijańskiego Kazimierza pod Krakowem w XVIII wieku: Studium społeczno-demograficzne

Historic Centre of Kraków — 2024 — WHEA4D72B920F

A socio-demographic analysis of the Christian population in Kazimierz, a historic district of Kraków, during the 18th century reveals significant insights into its social structure and demographic trends. The study, based on 1791–1792 population registers, extends beyond traditional parish-level analyses to include three parish centers, providing a comprehensive view of the area's Christian inhabitants. It highlights Kazimierz's diverse social and economic landscape during its period of historical decline, offering valuable data for understanding pre-industrial demographic patterns in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Luoghi di culto preromani nella Valle del Sarno e nella Penisola Sorrentina (VII- I sec. a.C.)

Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata — 2024 — WHE40342733C0

A comprehensive analysis of pre-Roman cult sites in the Sarno Valley and Sorrento Peninsula (7th–1st century BCE) reveals that religious cohesion significantly influenced urban formation, shaping territorial control by social groups. The study reconstructs ancient topographies and dynamic occupation patterns through a detailed inventory of 14 major sites—including those near Pompeii—and four uncertain ones, integrating architectural, archaeological, and literary evidence. By examining cult behavior indicators such as votive deposits, ceramic artifacts, and inscriptions, the research demonstrates how political and cultural shifts transformed religious landscapes, offering new insights into the complex interplay between religion, society, and territory in ancient Campania.

Luther auf der Wartburg 1521/1522: Bibelübersetzung—Bibeldruck—Wirkungsgeschichte ed. by Werner Greiling, Uwe Schirmer, and Elke Anna Werner (review)

Wartburg Castle — 2024 — WHE2129A48127

A comprehensive compilation of essays, 'Luther auf der Wartburg 1521/1522: Bibelübersetzung—Bibeldruck—Wirkungsgeschichte,' edited by Werner Greiling, Uwe Schirmer, and Elke Anna Werner, sheds light on the significant contributions of Martin Luther during his stay at Wartburg Castle. The book delves into the translation, printing, and illustration of Bibles in Europe before and after Luther's seminal works. It highlights Luther's rapid translation of the New Testament in just over eleven weeks, providing insights into his sources, processes, and the subsequent editing by his colleagues. Additionally, it explores the everyday life at Wartburg Castle, the history of woodcut editions featuring Luther as Junker Jörg, and the artistic contributions of Lucas Cranach. The collection also examines the reformers' 'Gospel-centric' approach to Bible translation, emphasizing its enduring impact on religious thought and practice.

Lutophila gen. nov., a new diatom genus from the hottest place on Earth, Lut Desert, Iran

Lut Desert — 2024 — WHEE05E095C21

Scientists have discovered Lutophila, a new diatom genus, in the hypersaline pools and saline river of Iran's Lut Desert, recognized as the hottest place on Earth. This novel genus, characterized by its linear-lanceolate shape with broadly rounded apices and distinctive areolae patterns, shares morphological traits with genera like Krasskella, Biremis, Chamaepinnularia, and Oestrupia. The study identifies one species, Lutophila iranica, which exhibits two morphotypes differing in width and central area prominence. This research contributes to the understanding of microbial flora in extreme environments, particularly in the understudied hypersaline ecosystems of the Lut Desert.

Lysimachia danxiashanensis, a new species of Primulaceae from Guangdong, China

China Danxia — 2024 — WHE86D4AF2142

A new species of Primulaceae, Lysimachia danxiashanensis, has been discovered in the unique Danxia landscape of Guangdong Province, China. This endemic plant is morphologically distinct from its closest relatives, characterized by purplish-red plants, wingless petioles, an orange glandular calyx, and a serrated corolla margin with orange-red glandular punctates. Phylogenetic analysis using ITS and rbcL sequences confirmed its status as a distinct clade within Lysimachia subgen. Lysimachia sect. Nummularia. The species is classified as Endangered (EN) under the IUCN Red List, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts in its native habitat.

Machine Learning Analysis of Seismograms Reveals a Continuous Plumbing System Evolution Beneath the Klyuchevskoy Volcano in Kamchatka, Russia

Volcanoes of Kamchatka — 2024 — WHE054157A31E

A continuous evolution of the volcanic plumbing system beneath Klyuchevskoy Volcano, Kamchatka, is revealed through machine learning analysis of year-long seismograms. Unlike traditional methods that struggle with long-duration seismic signals like volcanic tremors, this study treats entire seismic time series as a dataset reflecting plumbing system dynamics. Using scattering networks and UMAP, the researchers transformed complex data into a two-dimensional 'seismogram atlas,' identifying sudden and gradual changes in signal properties. These variations correlate with distinct volcanic activities, including transitions from deep to shallow activity, reactivation phases, quiet periods, and eruptive events. The study demonstrates that continuous seismic monitoring can provide unprecedented insights into the dynamic behavior of volcanoes, offering a new tool for understanding and predicting volcanic processes.

Machine learning based prediction for bulk porosity and static elastic modulus of Yungang Grottoes sandstone

Yungang Grottoes — 2024 — WHE1B3C7F526C

A new machine learning model, specifically an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), offers highly accurate predictions for the bulk porosity and static elastic modulus of weathered Yungang Grottoes sandstone. This ANN outperformed other regression models like Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Support Vector Regression (SVR) with a coefficient of determination (R²) between 0.9537–0.9641 during testing, demonstrating superior precision and generalization. The model's error margins were minimal—no more than 0.7% for bulk porosity and 0.15 GPa for static elastic modulus—while maintaining a stable performance across training and testing phases. These findings enable faster, more reliable assessments of sandstone weathering degrees, with validated predictions for bulk porosity (7–14%) and static elastic modulus (0.7–1.4 GPa).

Macromycetes of Beech Forest in Mtirala National Park, Georgia

Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands — 2024 — WHEB77A45DF1B

A diverse array of macromycetes, including edible mushrooms, wood-decay fungi, mycorrhizal associates, and decomposers, has been identified in the beech forests of Mtirala National Park, Georgia. This UNESCO World Heritage Site is part of the Colchic Rainforests and Wetlands, known for its high humidity and unique fungal community. Notable species such as Hypsizygus tessellatus (Beech Mushroom), Armillaria mellea (Honey Fungus), and mycorrhizal fungi like Ganoderma spp. (Reishi Mushrooms) play crucial roles in nutrient cycling, decomposition, and symbiotic relationships with beech trees. The study highlights the ecological significance of these fungi, emphasizing their contribution to forest health and resilience. Continued research is essential for understanding the functioning of these ecosystems under environmental changes.

Magnetic and GPR Data Modelling via Multiscale Methods in San Pietro in Crapolla Abbey, Massa Lubrense (Naples)

Costiera Amalfitana — 2024 — WHE8AB0BB9E69

A groundbreaking study successfully mapped the buried ruins of San Pietro in Crapolla Abbey, a significant medieval religious site along Italy's Sorrento-Amalfi Coast. Using magnetic and GPR (Ground-Penetrating Radar) measurements, researchers identified vaulted rooms and structural walls at depths of 0.3 meters below the surface. The study employed advanced multiscale methods, including discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for magnetic data processing and depth conversion techniques for GPR data. These findings were validated during archaeological excavations, which uncovered a wall precisely where the models had predicted it to be. This integrated approach offers a robust method for imaging buried structures in UNESCO World Heritage Sites, providing critical insights that guide conservation efforts.

Magyarország makettparkjai mint újszerű attrakciók a kulturális turizmusban

Old Village of Hollókő and its Surroundings — 2024 — WHE8BDCCD2883

Hungarian model parks, including Mini Skanzen and Hollókő LegÓfalu, emerge as powerful tools for cultural tourism, blending education with entertainment ('edutainment') to preserve and popularize the country's historical heritage. These parks offer immersive experiences that not only attract foreign tourists but also engage Hungarian society, while providing economic benefits through increased revenue, job creation, and enhanced destination appeal. The study highlights their role in showcasing existing landmarks and reconstructing lost heritage for future generations, filling a research gap by analyzing these attractions' tourism potential comprehensively.

Main Characters and Relief of the Ramayana Story at the Siwa Temple of Prambanan

Prambanan Temple Compounds — 2024 — WHE90F6547723

The Ramayana story reliefs at Prambanan Temple, dating back to ancient times, not only narrate the heroic epic but also showcase a distinctive and advanced drawing style that diverged from Western naturalist perspectives. This study reveals how sculptors creatively adapted Old Javanese Ramayana literature into unified narrative sequences within single relief panels, akin to cinematic storytelling. Through qualitative analysis involving observation and literature review, researchers found that these carvers employed imaginative character depictions and a unique artistic approach tailored to the existing literary sources. The findings highlight the sophisticated narrative structure and visual innovation of Prambanan's Ramayana reliefs, offering insights into ancient Javanese artistic techniques and storytelling methods.

Main results of bird ringing (banding) in the Western Tien Shan in the 21st century (2001-2023)

Western Tien-Shan — 2024 — WHE41C136D7C2

A comprehensive analysis of bird ringing (banding) data from the Western Tien Shan between 2001 and 2023 reveals significant insights into the migration patterns, biology, and ecology of avian species in this UNESCO-recognized region. The study identified the most numerous and rare bird species marked during this period, establishing critical timelines for autumn and spring migrations, including peak migration periods and deadlines. Advanced tracking methods, such as GPS/GSM transmitters, provided detailed ecological and geographical connections for some species, particularly those traversing the foothills of the Western Tien Shan. Additionally, the research documented the return of rings from different countries, highlighting transboundary movements of birds. This study underscores the importance of long-term monitoring in understanding avian migration dynamics and conservation needs in this ecologically significant region.

Maintenance of flower color dimorphism in Ophiorrhiza japonica (Rubiaceae): responses to fluctuating temperatures in a dolomite Karst region

The Dolomites — 2024 — WHEC34E03F0C3

Fluctuating temperatures, not pollinators, are the primary driver of flower color dimorphism in Ophiorrhiza japonica within the UNESCO-listed dolomite karst region of Shibing. Research compared pink and white flower morphs, finding no significant difference in pollinator visitation but a marked shift in their ratio between spring and winter. Temperature experiments revealed that pink flowers maintained higher temperatures at moderate ranges (0–24°C), while white flowers dominated at extreme cold (-4°C). These findings challenge traditional hypotheses linking color polymorphism to pollinator selection, instead supporting the pleiotropic effect hypothesis—where temperature directly influences flower coloration. The study provides a model for understanding such traits in karst ecosystems.

Making an impact

Jodrell Bank Observatory — 2024 — WHED5EBEAF5E2

A significant surge in student recruitment to physics and astronomy degrees, particularly at the University of Manchester, was attributed to the 'Cox Effect,' sparked by Professor Brian Cox's high-impact BBC science series. These programs, including 'Wonders of the Solar System' and 'Stargazing Live,' captivated global audiences, boosting the university's reputation and student applications. Jodrell Bank Observatory emerged as a central hub for astronomical outreach, further reinforced by its UNESCO World Heritage Site status and the annual bluedot festival. This study explores how media engagement, particularly through Cox's presentations, drove this educational impact.

Making Mt. Namsan an “Open-Air Museum” : The Heritage Practices of Local Cultural Communities in 1950s-90s Gyeongju

Gyeongju Historic Areas — 2024 — WHEF894109591

Mt. Namsan in Gyeongju, South Korea, was transformed into an 'open-air museum' through the combined efforts of local cultural communities and institutional changes during the 1950s–90s. Initially organized around key historical points and connecting roads under the Park Chung-hee regime, its designation as a historic site in 1985 shifted its spatial structure from point- and line-focused to an area-centered model. Local heritage practices, particularly by cultural communities, played a pivotal role in this reconfiguration, embedding layers of Silla-era significance into the landscape. The study reveals how grassroots heritage activities and institutional policies collaboratively shaped Mt. Namsan into a multifaceted pilgrimage site, blending natural and cultural dimensions.

Making rock images. Experimental Archaeology as a Method for understanding Prehistoric Rock Art Production

Rock Art of Alta — 2024 — WHE012B9F999C

Experimental archaeology reveals that prehistoric rock art production in Alta, Norway, required nuanced tool selection based on geological variations across sites. Unlike conventional studies focusing on iconography, this research highlights the practical aspects of creating figurative images, such as panel selection and tool material, which likely varied due to differences in rock types and properties. The findings suggest that rock art makers adapted their techniques—such as direct striking with hammers or chisels, or indirect methods using mallets—to suit specific geological conditions. This approach sheds new light on the technical sophistication of prehistoric artists and challenges assumptions about uniformity in rock art production methods.

Makkah's hinterworlds: Jeddah, the Indian Ocean Hajj, and Southeast Asia

Historic Jeddah, the Gate to Makkah — 2024 — WHE20C76576E2

Historic Jeddah, the 'Gate to Makkah,' is increasingly redeveloped under Saudi Vision 2030, despite its rich vernacular urban patterns and historic significance. This review essay highlights three key works that explore Jeddah's role in global pilgrimage networks, its Ottoman and British colonial legacies, and the experiences of Indonesian migrants—both pilgrims and laborers—in the Arab world. The studies reveal how Jeddah's urban transformation, marked by large-scale demolitions and forced evictions, contrasts with its historical cosmopolitanism and resilience. They also underscore the complex interplay between imperial histories, mobility, and contemporary urban development in the Hijaz region.

Malay Letters from Mindanao and Sulu from the Early Eighteenth Century

Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville — 2024 — WHEFBA4BA9383

Nine Malay letters, written in Jawi script and dating from 1703 to 1721, represent the oldest known Malay documents from the Philippines. These letters, discovered in the Archivo General de Indias in Seville, include correspondence between Sultan Jalaluddin of Maguindanao and Sultan Syahabuddin of Sulu with Spanish governors, as well as letters from Maulana Jafar Sadik Syah, a contender sultan of Maguindanao. The earliest letters pertain to the political turmoil following the killing of Sultan Kaharuddin Kuday in 1702, while later letters address governance and regional dynamics during the early eighteenth century. This discovery provides invaluable insights into the historical interactions between Mindanao and Sulu with Spanish colonial authorities, enriching our understanding of the region's political landscape and cultural exchanges.

Male‐biased stone tool use by wild white‐faced capuchins ( Cebus capucinus imitator )

Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection — 2024 — WHE3C67C6E9C9

A male-biased pattern of stone tool use in white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) on Jicarón Island, Panama, contrasts with populations where both sexes use tools. Analysis of five years of camera trap data reveals that this bias is not due to physical limitations or competition over anvils, as adult females and juveniles demonstrate the ability to use tools. The study suggests that social structure, diet, and dispersal patterns may underlie such sex biases in socially learned behaviors, even when environmental constraints are absent.

Malta

Megalithic Temples of Malta — 2024 — WHE56CB68E3D2

Malta's megalithic temples, such as Ġgantija on Gozo, stand as the second oldest man-made religious structures globally, dating back to around 3500 BC. These Neolithic settlements, alongside Bronze Age cemeteries like those of the Tarxien culture, reveal cultural continuities with Sicily and hint at broader Mediterranean connections. Archaeological evidence also points to Phoenician colonization beginning in the 7th century BC, suggesting Malta's strategic significance in ancient maritime trade networks.