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Beginnings of nursing education and nurses’ contribution to nursing professional development in Serbia

Studenica Monastery — 2014 — WHEC4FC08916C

Nursing education and professional development in Serbia trace their origins to the 12th century, with Studenica Monastery serving as the site of the first hospital established by St. Sava in 1199. The study highlights the pivotal role of nurses, particularly during wars, where their contributions were marked by significant sacrifices. The earliest formal nursing education began in 1876 with a course organized by the Serbian Red Cross, followed by the establishment of the first midwifery school in 1899 and the School for Midwives of the Red Cross Society in 1921. The research underscores the enduring legacy of nurses, exemplified by figures like Dušica Spasić, whose dedication was honored with an annual award established in 2004. This historical account provides a comprehensive overview of nursing's evolution in Serbia, emphasizing its roots in both monastic and humanitarian traditions.

Behavioural and morphological sexual differences in the Amami Woodcock Scolopax mira, using molecular sexing of banded birds

Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island — 2014 — WHE8228E199EE

A study on the Amami Woodcock (Scolopax mira), an endangered species endemic to Japan’s Nansei Shoto archipelago, reveals significant sexual dimorphism and behavioural differences critical for conservation. Adult females were found to be larger than males in six out of nine measured morphological traits, while males had longer tails. A linear discriminant formula derived from these data accurately determined sex in approximately 86% of banded birds on Amami-oshima, though it was less reliable for juveniles. Behavioural differences were inferred from capture rates: adult males were more frequently caught during the mating and early breeding season (March/April), likely due to male display behaviour, while females dominated captures in late breeding (May/June) and juvenile dispersal periods (November/December). This suggests a male-biased risk of road mortality during peak breeding months and potential female-biased long-range dispersion. The findings provide essential insights for targeted conservation strategies.

Behistun, Iran

Bisotun — 2014 — WHEBAC0B07939

The Behistun relief, completed between 521 and 519 BCE, stands as a monumental testament to Darius I's military prowess and political strategy. Carved into the 'Baghistanon Oros' (mountain of the gods), this bas-relief depicts Darius triumphantly subduing nine rebel leaders, including the Magian Gaumata, who falsely claimed to be Cambyses II. The strategic choice of location and the relief's design, inspired by earlier nearby reliefs like Sar-i Pul, were likely intended to awe Darius's subjects and intimidate adversaries. Notably, a ninth prisoner was added post-haste in 519 BCE to commemorate Darius's subsequent victory over the Scythians. This relief not only serves as a historical record of Persian imperial power but also provides insight into ancient Persian religious symbolism, with Ahura Mazda, the supreme deity, depicted as a protective figure behind Darius.

Benthic assemblages of wetlands invaded byTarebia granifera(Lamarck, 1822) (Caenogastropoda: Thiaridae) in the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, South Africa

iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park — 2014 — WHED39C5C2E0D

A study on the iSimangaliso Wetland Park and Maputo National Park reveals that the invasive snail Tarebia granifera has significantly impacted local benthic diversity, with negative correlations observed between its abundance and Shannon Diversity at two invaded sites. Despite this, native benthic assemblages were more closely linked to environmental conditions than to the presence of T. granifera. The research highlights the adaptability of this invasive species across varied aquatic environments, from freshwater ponds to saline estuaries, underscoring its ecological dominance. The findings serve as a critical baseline for future studies, which should focus on specific localities to better understand whether diversity changes are driven by non-native species or other factors like climate change.

Benthic communities and habitats in the near shore zone of the Curonian Spit (the south–eastern part of the Baltic Sea)

Curonian Spit — 2014 — WHEFD66F43EE4

Research on the Curonian Spit reveals the existence of a unique seascape characterized by 'ancient lagoon mud,' contributing to the identification and mapping of benthic habitats. The study classified benthic communities based on species diversity, abundance, and composition, while also analyzing abiotic habitat features such as grain size, substrate types, and photic conditions. This comprehensive approach allowed for the recognition of several distinct benthic habitats according to HELCOM classification. The findings underscore the ecological significance of the region and recommend the establishment of new marine protected areas to safeguard these unique coastal biotopes.

Bericht über die 2. und 3. Grabungskampagne in der Nekropole von Dra' Abu el-Naga/Theben-West

Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis — 2014 — WHEE2A1DB0B01

Archaeological excavations at the Necropolis of Dra' Abu el-Naga/Western Thebes, conducted between 1998 and 2002 by the German Institute of Archaeology (DAI) in collaboration with UCLA, uncovered significant insights into the reuse of tomb complexes during late Ramesside times. Notably, the study identified a chapel built by High Priest Ramsesnakht within the older tomb-complex K93.II, which was likely used for cult activities related to the Theban Triad and festival processions rather than as his burial site. The research analyzed architectural layouts, pottery phases (early 18th dynasty and late Ramesside), and artifacts such as decorated ivory inlays and a granite sarcophagus fragment, providing evidence linking K93.II to Amenhotep I. Additionally, intrusive 26th dynasty burials along the tomb walls were documented, revealing coffin ensembles of male and female individuals.

Beutestücke aus Babylonien in Assyrien. Überlegungen zu einer neuen Weihinschrift Kurigalzus I. aus Assur

Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) — 2014 — WHE39C913F49A

A new cuneiform inscription from the reign of King Kurigalzu I (c. 1390–1356 BCE) of Assyria, discovered at Assur, reveals insights into Assyrian-Babylonian relations during the Late Bronze Age. The inscription, featuring a dedicatory text, suggests that Assyria's expansionist policies under Kurigalzu included the acquisition and display of Babylonian artifacts as trophies or offerings, possibly to legitimize his rule. Analyzing the linguistic and iconographic elements of the inscription, researchers propose it reflects a strategic political narrative, blending Assyrian and Babylonian cultural motifs. This discovery contributes to understanding Assyria's diplomatic and military strategies in its interactions with neighboring states, particularly Babylon, during a pivotal period of Near Eastern history.

Beyond Nature Appropriation: Towards Post-development Conservation in the Maya Forest

Sian Ka'an — 2014 — WHE94835EFE75

A study of two forest wildlife management projects in a Maya community within the Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, revealed that such initiatives often fail due to misaligned objectives between state agencies, conservation NGOs, and local communities. The research highlights how unequal ethnic relations rooted in colonial inequality shape indigenous participation in conservation efforts, undermining democratic and participatory practices. The expulsion of an NGO from the community suggests potential for post-development conservation models that challenge Western norms. This case underscores the need for greater institutional accountability and community autonomy to foster effective and equitable conservation strategies.

Beyond Stonehenge: Carn Menyn Quarry and the origin and date of bluestone extraction in the Preseli Hills of south-west Wales

Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites — 2014 — WHE7897832D04

New research reveals that bluestone extraction at Carn Menyn, a key source for Stonehenge's smaller standing stones, began as early as the 7th millennium BC, predating the construction of Stonehenge by several millennia. This challenges previous assumptions about the origin and timing of bluestone quarrying, suggesting that Mesolithic communities were the first to exploit the region's dolerite outcrops. The study combines fieldwork evidence, including debris analysis and pillar-like block production, with radiometric dating to trace the geological and chronological history of this remote upland site in south-west Wales.

Beyond the Walls: Sites of Trauma and Suffering, Forgotten Australians and Institutionalisation via Punitive ‘Welfare’

Australian Convict Sites — 2014 — WHE98FBF1A969

A neglected chapter of Australian public history, the punitive welfare system targeting women and children—known as the 'Forgotten Australians'—is brought to light through the study of derelict sites like the Parramatta Female Factory Precinct (PFFP). The research reveals that institutionalisation could occur even without physical incarceration, with systemic trauma deeply embedded in these sites. Using a personal narrative and policy analysis, the study underscores the potential of PFFP as an educational venue to illuminate this dark history, from convict settlement to modern times. Notably, it highlights the omission of this topic from Australia's national curriculum, advocating for its inclusion to foster public awareness.

Bibliographic Catalogue of the Marine Benthic Algae in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands)

Papahānaumokuākea — 2014 — WHEB7D8DC097E

A comprehensive catalogue of marine benthic algae in the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) reveals 335 species across ten Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, atolls, and shoals. The study organizes these species into four phyla—Cyanobacteria, Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta, and Chlorophyta—and provides detailed taxonomic listings with reference citations for each location. Notably, French Frigate Shoals hosts the highest diversity (173 species), while Nihoa Island has the lowest (33). The catalogue includes a chronological island-reference index and brief notes on select species, offering a foundational resource for algal research in this UNESCO-listed marine region.

Bidding for World Heritage: Singapore's Botanic Gardens

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2014 — WHE9E72946543

Singapore Botanic Gardens' bid for UNESCO World Heritage status reflects its multifaceted significance, serving as economic, sociocultural, and political capital. Unlike other nominations, tourism was not the primary driver; instead, Singapore emphasized broader national returns. The study examines how World Heritage designation is pursued strategically, with relative value assigned based on prevailing conditions in nominating countries. It explores the roles of Botanic Gardens—beyond conservation—and analyzes motivations behind the bid, offering insights into the complex interplay between heritage recognition and national identity.

Bioclimatic housing design to desert architecture: A case study of Ghadames, Libya

Old Town of Ghadamès — 2014 — WHE79DAC488A7

A study of Ghadames, Libya, reveals that while modern housing developments fail to meet local residents' satisfaction with indoor environmental conditions and energy consumption, traditional architecture excels in providing thermal comfort even at high indoor temperatures (up to 32°C). Despite subjective reports of satisfaction from occupants of old buildings, objective measurements using the predicted mean vote (PMV) indicated discomfort. The research highlights a disconnect between modern housing design and the sociocultural needs of the local community, emphasizing the importance of bioclimatic principles in desert architecture. Field surveys, including thermal environment assessments and interviews, were conducted to gather both subjective and objective data, alongside the creation of a 3D digital model to analyze building dynamics.

Biodiversity census of Lake St Lucia, iSimangaliso Wetland Park (South Africa): Gastropod molluscs

iSimangaliso Wetland Park – Maputo National Park — 2014 — WHEA6DCE61FCA

A biodiversity census of Lake St Lucia, iSimangaliso Wetland Park, reveals significant shifts in gastropod mollusc populations due to extreme environmental changes. The study found only 12 species (10 indigenous and 2 alien) currently inhabit the estuarine lake, a stark contrast to the 37 species recorded since 1924. Notably, molecular DNA analysis identified two distinct taxa within previously misclassified assimineid species, challenging taxonomic classifications. The research also highlights the disappearance of key species like Nassarius kraussianus and Haminoea natalensis, likely due to desiccation and hypersaline conditions, while invasive species such as Tarebia granifera thrive in low-salinity areas.

Biodiversity values of remnant freshwater floodplain lagoons in agricultural catchments: evidence for fish of the Wet Tropics bioregion, northern Australia

Wet Tropics of Queensland — 2014 — WHE86D49DAC47

Remnant freshwater floodplain lagoons in the Tully–Murray catchment of Queensland's Wet Tropics bioregion support 21 of 29 native fish species, including those requiring saline areas for spawning and early-life habitat. These lagoons serve as critical nursery grounds, with aquatic vegetation influencing species richness and composition. Despite surrounding intensive agriculture, the lagoons remain in good ecological condition due to retained riparian vegetation and natural flow regimes. However, less than 10% of the distribution of nine native fish species is protected by current IUCN Category II reserves, highlighting significant gaps in conservation efforts. The study underscores the need for maintaining floodplain connectivity, protecting riparian zones, and adopting best management farming practices to preserve tropical freshwater biodiversity.

Biology and Ecology of Bat Cave, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona

Grand Canyon National Park — 2014 — WHEFF1A04A203

Bat Cave, located within Grand Canyon National Park, hosts the most species-rich macro-invertebrate ecology known in any cave within the park. This study identified 27 taxa, including five vertebrate and 22 macro-invertebrate species, during four expeditions between 1994 and 2001. Notably, it is the type locality for Eschatomoxys pholeter (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and an undescribed genus of tineid moth, both discovered in this research. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the cave's biodiversity, contributing valuable insights into its unique ecological characteristics.

Biomarkers in archaeology – Land use around the Uyghur capital Karabalgasun, Orkhon Valley, Mongolia

Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape — 2014 — WHE8A78200F9F

Research around the UNESCO World Heritage Site Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape reveals that the Uyghur capital Karabalgasun was significantly larger and more functionally diverse than previously understood. Analysis of specific lipids in topsoil samples from large oval enclosures surrounding the site provided evidence that these areas were used for horticulture rather than livestock, challenging assumptions about land use patterns. The study also identified smaller square compounds nearby as human settlements, marked by roof tiles and ceramic sherds. This pioneering application of lipid analysis offers a new method to distinguish between agricultural practices such as horticulture and livestock keeping, addressing a critical gap in understanding the interplay between nomadic and agricultural societies.

Biomass and Carbon in Non-Woody Vegetation, Dead Wood and Litter in Iguaçu National Park

Iguaçu National Park — 2014 — WHEA364849D12

Iguazu National Park (INP) stores significant carbon in its non-woody vegetation, dead wood, and litter. A 2004 study found that the Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (FES) contributes 8.29 tC/ha (30.41 tCO₂e/ha), while the Araucaria Forest (AF) holds 4.94 tC/ha (18.12 tCO₂e/ha). Carbon stocks varied by material type, with litter and large-diameter dead wood (WD4) accounting for the highest carbon fractions (36.2–42.1%). While no significant differences in carbon content were found between forest types, statistically significant variations existed among different carbon pools (p < 0.05). These findings underscore the importance of including non-woody biomass and dead wood in forest carbon assessments to accurately estimate total ecosystem carbon stocks.

Black Rats in Mangroves: Successful and Intractable

Aldabra Atoll — 2014 — WHE54EF8AD595

Black rats thrive in mangrove forests on Aldabra Atoll, a UNESCO World Heritage site in the Seychelles, exhibiting higher densities, larger body sizes, and better body condition compared to those in terrestrial forest. This discovery complicates efforts for rat eradication, as the dense mangrove habitat hinders effective aerial baiting due to tidal inundation. The study employed trapping methods across different forest types to assess seasonal density changes and habitat preferences of black rats on atolls, providing critical insights into their ecological success and resilience in challenging environments.

Book Collectors and Collections: Private Owners

Roskilde Cathedral — 2014 — WHE5C9259C15F

A rare glimpse into pre-Reformation Scandinavian book culture reveals that private collections, though limited in number, played a significant role in preserving scholarly works. The study highlights the bibliographical features and geographical connections of these remnants, with notable examples including Oluf Esbernsen's bequests to Anne de Huderopp and Lund Cathedral Library, as well as Hans Urne's preserved last will. Analysis of noble provenance shows a higher number of such works in Sweden compared to Denmark. The research leverages archival records and library collections, such as those at Uppsala University and the National Library of Sweden, to trace surviving copies and reconstruct historical ownership patterns.