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Intra‐specific and inter‐specific variation in specific leaf area reveal the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of species diversity across elevation and latitude

Area de Conservación Guanacaste — 2013 — WHE8C228D9357

Research reveals that the relative influence of abiotic and biotic factors on plant community assembly shifts along elevational and latitudinal gradients. Specifically, abiotic filtering dominates at higher latitudes and elevations, while biotic interactions play a stronger role at low latitudes and elevations. The study measured specific leaf area (SLA), a key functional trait linked to resource competition and environmental tolerance, across woody plant species in three regions: the Area de Conservación Guanacaste in Costa Rica (tropical), Santa Catalina Mountains in Arizona (mid-latitude desert), and Siskiyou Mountains in Oregon (high-latitude mediterranean). By comparing observed patterns of community-weighted means and variances to random assembly expectations, the study found that SLA variation decreases with increasing latitude, supporting greater abiotic filtering at higher latitudes. Additionally, low-elevation communities exhibited higher trait variation than expected by chance, indicating stronger biotic filtering. The ratio of intra- to inter-specific SLA variation was negatively correlated with species richness in tropical and latitudinal contexts, further suggesting the influence of biotic interactions on plant assembly at low latitudes.

Introduction to the symposium

Carlsbad Caverns National Park — 2013 — WHE9ACAC301C5

A multidisciplinary symposium on carbon dynamics and boundaries in karst systems, held at Carlsbad Caverns National Park, revealed significant advances in understanding the flux of inorganic and organic carbon between surface and subsurface environments. The event highlighted how recent research in biology, geology, and hydrology is enhancing our knowledge of karst ecosystems, particularly concerning carbon sequestration's role in global climate change. Key themes included epikarst dynamics, phreatic zone interactions, lateral inputs and outputs, CO2 processing, organic carbon sources, and large-scale modeling. The symposium featured keynote presentations by distinguished scientists and explored anthropogenic impacts on karst systems through case studies, offering a comprehensive synthesis of current research directions in the field.

Introduction: Geography and Gendered Rule

Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France — 2013 — WHEBA284809F8

The medieval Pyrenean kingdom of Navarre, now part of northeastern Spain, played a pivotal role in European history due to its strategic location on key pilgrimage routes. Positioned at the crossroads of Iberia, France, and the Basque region, Navarre controlled vital Pyrenean passes that facilitated trade and cultural exchange between Continental Europe and the Iberian Peninsula. Its dominance over these routes, particularly those leading to Santiago de Compostela, underscored its significance despite being smaller than neighboring kingdoms like Castile and Aragon.

Introduction: historical framework and sources

Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork — 2013 — WHE9EAE6415EA

The Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork, Poland, stands as the world's largest brick-fortified structure, reflecting its pivotal role in medieval European history. This study synthesizes historical and archaeological evidence to illuminate the castle's significance within the broader context of the Prussian Crusade (13th–15th centuries), a period marked by religious colonization, military expansion, and cultural transformation. The research challenges nationalist narratives by reframing the Teutonic Order's state as a frontier zone of interaction rather than a German-led agenda, emphasizing its multifaceted ethnic, political, and economic dimensions. Methodologically, it integrates archival analysis with archaeological excavations, addressing gaps in cross-border scholarly collaboration due to modern geopolitical divisions. The findings underscore the castle's enduring legacy as a symbol of medieval Europeanization and its complex historical perceptions.

Introduction. The Medieval Fold

Vézelay, Church and Hill — 2013 — WHEAB776A91E6

A significant shift in the portrayal of human figures in twelfth-century Western European sculpture is highlighted, marking a transition from rigid, archetypal representations to more lifelike, individualized depictions. This evolution is evident when comparing works such as Eve's contemplative expression at Autun's Saint-Lazare Cathedral and Saint Benedict resuscitating an infant at Vézelay, with earlier, uniform figures like those on the lintel of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines. The study underscores this transformation through a comparative analysis of sculptural and painted works, illustrating how artists began to capture physical singularity and emotional nuance, moving away from conventionalized forms.

Introduction. Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. And the Atlantic World

Island of Gorée — 2013 — WHE3CE6C76736

Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. (1765–1843), a transatlantic figure with ties to the Island of Gorée, stands out for his complex legacy as a slave trader, plantation owner, and advocate for manumission. His life bridges England, South Carolina, and Canada, culminating in a controversial yet transformative role in Haiti. A key discovery is the documentation of his unorthodox marital arrangements, including his relationship with Anta Majigeen Ndiaye, a Wolof woman from Senegal who was enslaved at age 13 after her village was raided. Purchased by Kingsley in Havana in 1806 and emancipated in Florida in 1811, Anta became a planter and slave owner herself, challenging traditional narratives of the era. The study reconstructs this transatlantic journey, from Gorée to Cuba and Florida, using historical records to illuminate the intersections of slavery, power, and agency in Kingsley's life.

Introgression and the fate of domesticated genes in a wild mammal population

St Kilda — 2013 — WHE2722A502D2

A study on St Kilda reveals that introgression of domesticated genes into wild Soay sheep populations can drive rapid evolutionary changes. By analyzing 25 years of ecological data and high-throughput genotyping, researchers found that admixture with a modern sheep breed around 150 years ago introduced polymorphisms for coat color and pattern. These variants were subjected to natural selection, with the domesticated light coat color allele being favored while the self coat pattern allele reduced survival. This demonstrates that introgression can introduce novel genetic variation capable of significantly altering wild populations, providing insights into the evolutionary consequences of gene flow between domesticated and wild species.

Invaders of pollination networks in the Galápagos Islands: emergence of novel communities

Galápagos Islands — 2013 — WHEFCB2D7E202

Alien species, particularly insects, are significantly reshaping pollination networks in the Galápagos Islands, increasing network stability while potentially introducing vulnerabilities. The study found that 20% of species (60 plants and 220 pollinators) were aliens, involved in 38% of interactions, with alien insects like dipterans, hymenopterans, and lepidopterans forming more links than native or non-endemic species. These invaders acted as 'island hubs,' infiltrated all network modules, and accounted for 38% of connectors, enhancing network cohesiveness. While this may increase resistance to species loss, it could also heighten susceptibility to diseases. The research analyzed data from five Galápagos islands, revealing profound structural changes in pollination networks due to invasions.

Invasion of Yakushima Island, Japan, by the Subtropical LizardJapalura polygonatapolygonata (Squamata: Agamidae)

Yakushima — 2013 — WHE1F1611C1DF

A breeding colony of the subtropical lizard Japalura polygonata, native to the Amami and Okinawa Groups of the Central Ryukyus, has established on Yakushima Island, a UNESCO Natural World Heritage site. This discovery expands the species' known range beyond Kyushu, where it was previously reported as introduced. Researchers confirmed reproduction through morphological examination, identifying shelled eggs in females and hatchlings among collected specimens. The lizards were found in secondary forests with primary components, suggesting adaptability to disturbed habitats. The study highlights the ecological risks posed by invasive species to fragile island ecosystems.

Invasive mikania in Chitwan National Park, Nepal: the threat to the greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis and factors driving the invasion

Chitwan National Park — 2013 — WHEE075E68F03

Invasive mikania (Mikania micrantha) poses a significant threat to the greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal. The study found that 44% of surveyed habitats are infested with mikania, with nearly 15% exhibiting high infestation levels (>50% coverage). Riverine forests, tall grasslands, and wetlands—habitats critical for rhinoceros survival—show the highest densities of this invasive plant. Anthropogenic activities, particularly annual grassland burning (25–50% of the park's area) and natural resource collection by local communities, are key drivers of mikania spread. The research highlights the urgent need for management strategies to control burning, mitigate spread, and promote sustainable resource use practices among local communities.

Investigating ancient dams in Petra's northern hinterland with ground-penetrating radar

Petra — 2013 — WHE5FFC81AA64

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has revealed the presence of ancient dams in Petra's northern hinterland, offering new insights into how the Nabataeans sustained a population of over 20,000 people in an arid desert environment. These findings challenge previous assumptions about water management in ancient Petra and contribute to our understanding of its resilience as a major trading hub. The study employed GPR to non-invasively investigate subsurface structures, providing a detailed map of these dams that were likely used for water storage and irrigation. This research is part of broader efforts to commemorate the 200th anniversary of Petra's rediscovery while advancing knowledge about its engineering prowess.

Investigation and Removal Method of Efflorescence Phenomenon of Traditional Bricks - Focusing on the Efflorescence of Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon -

Hwaseong Fortress — 2013 — WHE97F90CB4A9

Efflorescence on traditional bricks at Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is primarily caused by soluble salts (sodium sulfate and potassium nitrate) and insoluble calcium carbonate. These salts originate from air pollution and joint mortar, with soluble salts being washed away during rainy seasons while insoluble salts persist. Chemical E was identified as the most effective and safe solution for removing efflorescence without damaging the bricks. The study also highlighted that modern repair bricks exhibit significantly lower water absorption rates (1%) compared to original bricks, necessitating further research on the suitability of lime in future conservation efforts.

Investigation in Sinkhole Terrains Using Complex of Geophysical Methods – Case Study in the Karst Area, Slovakia

Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst — 2013 — WHE61D978A5BC

Researchers identified two significant underground structures with low density and resistivity in the Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst region, suggesting potential karst formations. The study employed a multidisciplinary geophysical approach, combining electromagnetic conductivity mapping (CMD), gamma-ray spectrometry, high-definition magnetometry, microgravity, and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). These methods were used to distinguish between natural sinkholes and historical lime-kilns, while also investigating the spatial distribution of carbonate rocks and sediments. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating multiple geophysical techniques for detailed geological mapping and cave exploration in karst terrains.

Involving the Local Community in the Protection of the Heritage and Archaeology of Cyrene

Archaeological Site of Cyrene — 2013 — WHE0F82C87EC0

A project at Cyrene, Libya, demonstrates that community engagement through education can effectively protect archaeological heritage. By delivering lectures in secondary schools and organizing on-site guided visits, the initiative successfully raised awareness and fostered a sense of ownership among local residents. This approach not only preserved the site's integrity but also empowered the community to contribute actively to its conservation, offering a sustainable model for heritage protection in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Iron Isotope Characteristics of Hot Springs at Chocolate Pots, Yellowstone National Park

Yellowstone National Park — 2013 — WHEE9879B5895

Research at Chocolate Pots Hot Springs in Yellowstone National Park reveals that iron isotope fractionation in hydrothermal systems is influenced by silica and microbial processes. The study found that Fe(III) oxides formed through atmospheric oxidation exhibit higher ⁵⁶Fe/⁵⁴Fe ratios compared to aqueous Fe(II), but the degree of fractionation is less than predicted for a closed system at isotopic equilibrium. This suggests that light iron isotopes may sorb onto Fe(III) oxide surfaces in the presence of silica or regenerate via microbial reduction deeper within the system. These findings imply that silica plays a significant role in governing iron isotope fractionation, with potential implications for understanding such processes under low-oxygen conditions, such as those on early Earth or Mars.

Is Sharpe’s Longclaw Macronyx sharpei a fire-dependent species in Kenya’s Altimontane zone?

Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest — 2013 — WHE489878FDD3

Sharpe's Longclaw (Macronyx sharpei), an Endangered Kenyan endemic, may be fire-dependent in Kenya's altimontane zone. Surveys conducted between 2008 and 2009 recorded low population densities of the species at high elevations (3,490–3,592 m) on Mount Elgon and Mount Kenya, suggesting suboptimal habitat conditions. The study found widespread shrub encroachment in grasslands, leading to a hypothesis that controlled fire management could be crucial for maintaining these habitats. The research highlights the need for further population estimates and testing of the fire-dependence hypothesis in Kenyan high montane massifs.

Is there evidence of intentionality of sky involvement in the prehistoric megalithic sites of Mnajdra in Malta?

Megalithic Temples of Malta — 2013 — WHEC4FE3D7E0F

The Mnajdra South Temple in Malta stands as the world's oldest known structure intentionally aligned with the sun's annual oscillation, suggesting a sophisticated understanding of celestial movements by its builders. This study challenges conventional chronologies by proposing that the temple's construction spanned 1,500 years, driven by continuous observation of the sun's cyclical influence on life. Using archaeoastronomical fieldwork, photography, phenomenology, and experimental archaeology, researchers argue that the temple's orientation reflects an intentional astronomical design, likely serving as a solar calendar or seasonal tracker. The distinct orientations of each temple within the complex imply an evolving sophistication in cosmological knowledge and horizon-based astronomy, reinforcing the hypothesis that celestial awareness was central to its purpose.

Jaguar Conservation in the region of Taiamã Ecological Station, Northern Pantanal, Brazil.

Pantanal Conservation Area — 2013 — WHEBF4CAE2093

A study of the Taiamã Ecological Station in Brazil's Pantanal reveals that its current size is insufficient to legally protect the region's jaguar population, despite housing a high density of these apex predators. Researchers recorded 27 distinct jaguars using georeferenced images captured along rivers bordering and within the station over multiple years. By integrating photographic records with existing literature, the study underscores the need for expanding this conservation unit to ensure effective protection of jaguar populations in one of the world's most biodiverse wetlands.

Japanese armour and the conservation of a Sakakibara family armour at the Royal Armouries

Shrines and Temples of Nikko — 2013 — WHEA77C8D641F

A late sixteenth-century Japanese armour, once owned by the Sakakibara family and now part of the Royal Armouries collection, underwent conservation to address material degradation and component interactions. The study revealed that armours constructed with layered materials—such as lacquered leather, silk, and metal plates—are susceptible to chemical reactions over time, leading to discoloration, brittleness, and structural instability. Conservation efforts included careful cleaning, stabilization of degraded components, and the use of reversible adhesives to restore the armour's integrity without compromising its historical authenticity. This case study highlights the challenges in preserving intricate cultural artifacts, offering insights that are applicable to similar objects worldwide, including those at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Nikko Tōshō-gū Shrine.

Javan Rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest 1822) Utilization Distribution and Habitat Selection in Ujung Kulon National Park

Ujung Kulon National Park — 2013 — WHE6811AD5A9F

Javan rhinos (Rhinoceros sondaicus) exhibit strong habitat preferences within Ujung Kulon National Park, favoring swampy shrub and open shrubland areas with low to slight slopes. They also prefer proximity to water sources, road networks, coasts, wallowing sites, and rumpang (dense vegetation). This study, using utilization distribution models, identified key habitat characteristics that could guide conservation efforts outside the park to mitigate threats like poaching and natural disasters.