Publications
Analyzing Stages and Power Relations of Community Participation in Cultural Heritage Utilization - A Case Study of Hwaseong Fortress in Suwon Using Arnstein's Ladder
A study analyzing community participation in the utilization of Hwaseong Fortress, Suwon, reveals that while resident involvement spans from non-participation to collaborative decision-making, administrative power structures dominate, leaving many residents structurally excluded. Only organized communities like village cooperatives occasionally reach meaningful participation, relying heavily on personal dedication and chance opportunities. Barriers include information monopolization through informal networks, lack of opinion channels, and insufficient institutional support for capacity-building. To address these issues, the research proposes three key strategies: improving participation structures with transparent processes, empowering residents through skill development and community-led governance, and strengthening intermediary support systems to foster collaborative governance.
Reimagining Cultural Heritage Site: Integrating Augmented Reality for Immersive Heritage and User Engagement
A user-centered framework for integrating augmented reality (AR) into UNESCO World Heritage sites, such as Hwaseong Fortress in South Korea, demonstrates that context-aware AR can significantly enhance visitor engagement and historical understanding without compromising cultural integrity. The study found that narrative-driven, low-intrusion AR interventions—including interactive holograms and ambient sensory elements—improved emotional connection to the site while maintaining its authenticity. Through exploratory design research, including site observations, visitor interviews, and prototyping, the authors identified key principles for balancing technological innovation with cultural preservation. These include spatial integrity, narrative clarity, and intuitive user experience, offering a transferable model for other heritage sites seeking to leverage AR for immersive storytelling.
Suwon Hwaseong and New Town Idea as Cultural Contents : Methodological Suggestions
Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, reflecting King Jeongjo's innovative urban planning, presents challenges in understanding its integration into his broader 'New Town Idea' as a cultural and visual concept. To address this, the study proposes a methodological approach combining Siegfried Kracauer’s surface media theory and Michel de Certeau’s inductive spatial theory. These theories offer new perspectives: Kracauer’s framework uncovers pre-modern ideological myths by analyzing surfaces, while Certeau’s everyday spatial experiences challenge mainstream notions of place and power. By ensuring hermeneutic reversibility between narrative and representation through these lenses, the study enriches the practical interpretation of Suwon Hwaseong and its urban ideology, building on existing scholarly maturity in this field.
A Study on the Aesthetic Consciousness of Not Going Back Unless Getting Drunk(不醉無歸) of King Jeongjo’s Calligraphy) : Focusing on the Calligraphy on the Signboard of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress
King Jeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty, renowned for his artistic prowess and governance reforms, demonstrated a unique aesthetic consciousness through his calligraphy on signboards within Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. His work embodies a blend of Confucian benevolent government principles and an equilibrium-harmony aesthetic expression, reflecting his commitment to moral governance and public respect. This study reveals that Jeongjo's calligraphy serves as both an artistic pursuit and a means to convey political fairness, paragon, caution, and indication, rooted in the concept of 'not going back unless getting drunk.' By analyzing his handwriting on signboards at Hwaseong Haenggung Palace, the research highlights how these inscriptions condense his aesthetic consciousness, aiming to realize a virtuous government that meets societal demands. The findings underscore Jeongjo's innovative approach to calligraphy, integrating subjective self-awareness with traditional techniques to create a distinct style.
Design of AR Content for Improving Artifact-centered Contextual Learning of Processional Paintings
A novel augmented reality (AR) design framework for processional paintings significantly enhances artifact-centered contextual learning, bridging historical narratives with modern digital experiences. This approach, applied to the Hwaneohaengneoldo folding screen depicting King Jeongjo's 1795 royal procession to Hwaseong Fortress, integrates a three-stage structure: fundamental artwork information, past-present geographical connections, and multi-marker-based AR interactions. Experimental results validate a learning pathway of geographical connection leading to concrete cognition and value recognition, demonstrating strong correlations between artifact connectivity and user engagement. Unlike traditional content-centric digital experiences, this method fosters intuitive understanding while preserving the authenticity and historical context of artifacts, offering a more engaging and effective educational tool for museums.
Economic valuation of opening restricted tourism resources: Focusing on the unopend resources of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress
A study reveals that unopened tourism resources at Suwon Hwaseong Fortress hold significant economic value. Visitors surveyed were willing to pay up to four times the fortress's 2019 entry fee (₩4,170) for access to restricted historical sites, indicating high potential for sustainable tourism. The research used contingent valuation method (CVM) through on-site surveys conducted between April 22 and May 8, 2019, to assess willingness-to-pay for previously inaccessible areas. Findings suggest that strategic opening of these resources—through guided tours, route-specific access, or time-limited events—could enhance conservation efforts while maximizing cultural heritage utilization. This approach balances preservation with economic benefits, offering a model for other heritage sites.
King Jeongjo and Suwon Hwaseong Fortress : Realization of the Hongik Ingan Spirit and Modern Implications
Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, designed under King Jeongjo's vision during the Joseon Dynasty, stands as a testament to the realization of the 'Hongik Ingan' (enlightening the people) spirit through architectural innovation and philosophical depth. This fortress exemplifies sustainable urban planning principles by integrating defensive functions with civic welfare, utilizing natural topography, and emphasizing public spaces—a model that remains relevant today. The study highlights its historical significance through the systematic use of cranes and resource management during construction, documented in 'Hwaseong Seongyeok Gae,' a valuable record of technological and administrative achievements. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Hwaseong Fortress is recognized globally for its cultural value and serves as a blueprint for sustainable development, offering timeless lessons in leadership and urban design that address modern challenges like environmental sustainability and social cohesion.
Redefining urban heritage boundaries for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): the World Heritage property of the Hwaseong Fortress, Republic of Korea
A redefinition of the boundaries for UNESCO World Heritage Sites, particularly the Hwaseong Fortress in South Korea, is proposed to enhance sustainable urban development and align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study reveals that the current boundary fails to encompass critical urban components that contribute to the site's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV), leaving them unprotected under World Heritage designation. Using qualitative content analysis via MAXQDA and spatial overlay analysis in ArcGIS Pro, researchers identified these urban attributes as essential to preserving the fortress's heritage significance. This approach suggests expanding the boundary to include all OUV-relevant elements, thereby strengthening the site's protection and its potential contribution to sustainable urban development.
Story Behind a Fortress
Hwaseong Fortress, built during the reign of King Jeongjo (1752–1800) of the Joseon Dynasty, stands as a testament to the integration of Western military science and traditional Korean architecture. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997, it reflects King Jeongjo's dual motivations: restoring his father's honor and bolstering royal authority. This fortress exemplifies how cultural heritage sites can embody both historical significance and universal value, offering insights into Korea's past while underscoring the enduring impact of Suwon as a pivotal city in Korean history. The study highlights the fortress's architectural innovation and its role in shaping cultural identity.
The Establishment of the Beacon System in Korea's Middle and Late Medieval Periods and a Study on the Operation of Costal Beacons
Korea's beacon system, established during the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, operated as a critical military communication network for over 700 years despite repeated criticisms. The study reveals that the system's persistence stemmed from its symbolic significance—daily signals representing national peace and security—rather than just practical defense needs. It functioned not only as a frontline for diplomacy and frontier expansion but also as the foundation for legendary military victories, such as General Yi Sun-sin’s campaigns, and advanced defense systems like Hwaseong Fortress. The research traces its evolution from a four-torch system in 1149 to a five-torch system in 1419, highlighting its adaptability to threats from nomads and pirates while challenging historical undervaluation of its role.
A study on the digital restoration of an ancient city based on historic building information modeling of wooden architectural heritage: focusing on Suwon Hwaseong
A novel method for digitally restoring ancient wooden architectural heritage, demonstrated through the 3D reconstruction of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, offers a comprehensive representation that integrates both external appearance and internal structure. This approach, utilizing Historic Building Information Modeling (HBIM) with visual effects from Unreal Engine, enhances restoration accuracy by leveraging administrative records and historical documents like the 1796 manuscript 'Uigwe: Royal Protocols of the Hwaseong Fortress.' The study ensures precise digital modeling of complex layouts, including fortress walls and folk houses lacking design records, providing a robust tool for maintenance and repair. This method advances the field by combining detailed architectural data with advanced rendering techniques to create visually and structurally accurate reconstructions.
Chronology and Characteristics of Inscribed Roof-Tiles Excavated from Dangseong Fortress in Hwaseong
Inscribed roof-tiles from Dangseong Fortress, part of Hwaseong, reveal significant insights into the chronology and functions of the fortress during the late Unified Silla to early Goryeo Dynasty. The study identified distinct production techniques—such as long striking plates and partial breaks—and categorized inscriptions by place, administrative names, zodiac signs, era names, functional names, and uninterpreted texts. These findings suggest that roof-tiles from the late 8th to 9th centuries were primarily associated with building functions or place names, while those from the 10th to 12th centuries reflected government offices and guest houses. The research also noted a shift in tile design, introducing square outlines in the 9th century alongside traditional long striking plates. This study provides a detailed timeline of Dangseong Fortress's evolution, highlighting its role as a center for cultural exchange and administration.
A Study of the Creation of Media Facade Content Using Cultural Heritage - Focusing on the Work “Beop” of the 2021 Suwon Hwaseong Media Art Show
A novel approach to integrating Korean cultural heritage into media art was demonstrated through the creation of 'Jeongjo's Beop (法): King Jeongjo, the Great Dreams of Utopia,' a media facade installation at Suwon Hwaseong Fortress. The work utilized the fortress's historical significance and architectural space to craft motion graphic content that explored themes of emotion, chaos, practice, and law, reflecting both King Jeongjo's governance philosophy and contemporary relevance. By structuring the fortress as a screen for metaphorical and symbolic visuals, the study achieved emotional engagement with audiences, bridging past and present narratives. However, the COVID-19 pandemic limited direct audience interaction, posing a significant constraint on the work's impact.
A Study on the Differences in Perceived Landscape Value between Day and Night-A Case of Hwaseong Fortress and Hwaseo Park in Suwon-
A study on Hwaseong Fortress and Hwaseo Park in Suwon reveals significant differences in how people perceive landscape value between day and night. The research found that while daytime landscapes are perceived as more place-specific, nighttime landscapes are associated with higher educational value. Additionally, the four attributes of landscape experience—educational significance, aesthetic appeal, sense of place, and importance—showed stronger positive correlations at night compared to during the day. This insight suggests that nighttime urban design can enhance meaningful engagement with heritage sites by leveraging lighting technology to create distinct experiences.
A Study on the Heritage Value Conservation of the World Heritage Suwon Hwaseong through Value-based Approach
A mismatch between UNESCO's Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) and local heritage values of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress was identified, highlighting the need for a balanced conservation approach. The study found that while the fortress is recognized globally for its 18th-century military technology, locals perceive it as a symbol of King Jeongjo's urban planning legacy. To address this, the research proposed integrating both OUV and local values into heritage management through stakeholder surveys and value categorization. It suggests using the World Heritage OUV statement alongside 'statement of significance' and component-specific importance descriptions to ensure comprehensive conservation. This approach aims to reflect evolving heritage discourse while preserving multifaceted interpretations.
Management of Namhansanseong in late Joseon
Namhansanseong, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and former royal fortress of the Joseon Dynasty, transitioned from a critical military stronghold to a financial resource during late Joseon (18th–19th centuries). Initially constructed as a defense base against Qing invasions, its strategic importance waned after mid-18th century due to reduced war probabilities. The study reveals that Namhansanseong's stored rations, originally meant for military use, became a supplementary financial tool for the royal court. However, poor harvests and corruption hindered maintenance of standard quantities, leading to fabricated records in the 19th century. Analyzing official records chronologically, the research maps policy shifts and operational changes, providing foundational data for future studies on the fortress's management and historical significance.
A Study on the Perception of ‘Jeong-jo(正祖)’ for ‘Xiaohe(萧何)’
King Jeongjo of the Joseon Dynasty's construction of Hwaseong Fortress was inspired by his perception of Xiaohe, a key figure in the founding of the Han Dynasty. Jeongjo saw parallels between Xiaohe's strategic role and his own ambitions for Joseon, interpreting Hwaseong as a modern equivalent to Weiyanggeong Palace, which Xiaohe had instrumentalized under Han Go-jo. This interpretation suggests that Jeongjo aimed to revitalize Joseon through architectural symbolism, drawing on Confucian traditions much like the Han Dynasty's foundation. The study analyzes Jeongjo's writings and actions, revealing his self-awareness as a ruler and his vision for governance, offering new insights into the motivations behind Hwaseong's construction.
Changing perceptions of the Qing Dynasty in the Late Joseon Dynasty and Chinese style architecture that emerged in Joseon in the 18th century
A shift in Joseon Dynasty's perception of the Qing Empire during the late 18th to 19th centuries is linked to the adoption of Chinese-style architecture, particularly influenced by progressive scholars advocating for cultural integration. The study reveals that the introduction of Qing architectural techniques, such as brick construction and ondol systems, marked a significant departure from traditional Joseon practices. Park Jiwon's brick Chinese-style buildings in Anui and Gyedong, along with the Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, exemplify this transition. This architectural evolution served as an intermediary step before Western modern architecture was fully integrated post-19th century port opening, highlighting Joseon's adaptive response to foreign influences.
Korean Modern: The Matter of Identity
Korean modernity is intricately linked to the nation's architectural evolution, from the Late Joseon Dynasty to contemporary democratic South Korea. This study identifies how architecture has served as a catalyst for technological and stylistic innovation, shaping Korea's national identity. By analyzing structures such as Hwaseong Fortress and modern constructions like Paju Book City and Ssamziegil Shopping Center, researchers highlight the emergence of a distinct Korean modernism. The approach combines architectural analysis with biographical insights into key figures, offering a timely contribution to discussions on identity in architecture.
The Symbolism of Suwon's Eight Scenic Spots: A Historical and Cultural Analysis of Landscape Transformations
Suwon's eight scenic spots, with Hwaseong Fortress as their centerpiece, embody deep cultural symbolism tied to landscape transformations during the Joseon Dynasty. Originally recognized as the 16th view of Hwaseong Fortress, these spots evolved into Suwon's eight scenic landmarks, reflecting shifts in historical and cultural values. The study reveals how Jeongjo's vision for Hwaseong Fortress fostered community pride and significance, unraveling layers of history embedded in these landscapes. By analyzing landscape modifications and their cultural implications, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the symbolic value of Suwon's heritage, offering insights into its enduring legacy.
Tourism Destination Management Strategy for Young Children: Willingness to Pay for Child-Friendly Tourism Facilities and Services at a Heritage Site
A study at Hwaseong Fortress reveals that families with young children are willing to pay for child-friendly tourism facilities and services, prioritizing specialized courses, rest areas, restrooms, and rides. The research used choice experiments (CE) involving 374 participants and 1870 scenarios to assess preferences for these amenities, highlighting the importance of health, hygiene, and comfort in tourism destination management. This finding underscores the need for heritage sites to cater to families with young children, ensuring accessibility and enhancing their experience.
UNESCO World Heritage. Hwaseong Fortress
Hwaseong Fortress challenges conventional perceptions of military architecture by showcasing Korean fortification techniques such as the 'Gongsimdon' and 'Jangdae.' These structures reflect unique cultural adaptations to warfare, diverging from European models. The study emphasizes that the design and construction of fortifications are deeply rooted in societal values and strategic needs, illustrating how different cultures manifest their military ethos through architecture. This insight is drawn from an analysis of Hwaseong Fortress's historical and architectural significance, supported by John Keegan's theoretical framework on warfare as a cultural expression.
Development of an Augmented Reality Tour Guide for a Cultural Heritage Site
An augmented reality (AR) mobile application for cultural heritage tourism, tested at UNESCO World Heritage Site Hwaseong Fortress, demonstrates significant potential to enhance visitor engagement and learning. The app integrates navigation, AR visualization of historical details, and interactive serious games, yielding positive user feedback while identifying areas for refinement. This study provides a model for designing AR tour applications that balance usability with immersive experiences, offering valuable insights for future mobile tourism tools.
Promoting a World Heritage Site through Social Media: Suwon City’s Facebook Promotion Strategy on Hwaseong Fortress (in South Korea)
Suwon City's social media strategy, particularly on Facebook, proved effective in promoting Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Korea. The study analyzed network features, subordinate features, and semantic features from 2015 to 2017, revealing dynamic changes in promotion patterns over time. Key findings suggest that leveraging social media can significantly enhance public engagement with cultural heritage sites. The research provides actionable insights for refining promotional strategies, emphasizing the importance of adaptive content and network analysis in heritage site management.
Value-Based Profiles of Visitors to a World Heritage Site: The Case of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress (in South Korea)
A study analyzing visitor profiles to Suwon Hwaseong Fortress, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in South Korea, reveals four distinct groups based on their evaluation of the site's value: Outing Seekers (OS), Tourism Seekers (TS), Heritage Seekers (HS), and Serious Travel Seekers (SS). These profiles differ significantly in terms of travel distance, recognition of the fortress as a World Heritage Site, and the influence of its status on their decision to visit. The research also highlights variations in visit satisfaction and intent to revisit among these groups. By employing latent profile analysis (LPA) on data from 656 visitors, the study provides insights into visitor behaviors that can inform sustainable heritage tourism strategies, balancing world heritage value with the site's inherent attractiveness.
A Study on Story-Based Smart Contents for Tourists in Historical Sites - Focus on Animation, ‘Suwon Hwaseong Fortress-Construction’
A study on the Suwon Hwaseong Fortress reveals that story-based, interactive smart content—such as animations—can significantly enhance tourists' experiential value and learning outcomes at historical sites. The research found that users with a strong interest in history tend to evaluate such educational and entertaining (edutainment) content more positively, showing higher intent for reuse. This suggests potential for these digital tools to deepen engagement and knowledge retention during visits to UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Hwaseong Fortress. The approach involved developing linear and interactive animations that blend storytelling with historical narratives, focusing on the construction processes and engineering techniques used in the fortress's creation under King Jeongjo of Joseon. User evaluations indicated a positive correlation between historical interest and content satisfaction, highlighting the effectiveness of edutainment strategies in educational tourism.
The Estimation of Payment Value of Historical Tourism Resources for Admission Fee Using Contingent Valuation Method(CVM): A Case of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress
A study estimates that the annual economic value of Suwon Hwaseong Fortress is approximately 19 billion won (about $15 million) based on visitors' willingness to pay for admission. Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), researchers found that visitors were willing to pay an average of 5,267.5 won per visit—significantly higher than the current admission fee. The analysis also suggests a potential tourism value of 150 billion won annually if visitor numbers are considered. Unlike previous studies focusing on national populations, this research targeted Suwon visitors specifically, providing a more precise assessment of economic value for historical tourism resources.
You are here:
World Heritage Explorer > World Heritage Research > World Heritage Sites > Hwaseong Fortress