Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
—
2013 —
WHEAFBAC01BED
A participatory approach to planning rural landscapes reveals significant differences in expectations, perceptions, and attitudes between institutional stakeholders and civil society stakeholders when evaluating future scenarios. The study, conducted in Monferrato Astigiano, Piedmont, Italy, identified key driving forces affecting local landscape transformations and analyzed their likely impacts through focus group consultations. Findings highlight the complexity of shared decision-making processes in rural landscape planning, emphasizing the need for inclusive strategies that account for diverse stakeholder perspectives to effectively implement the European Landscape Convention.
Kinabalu Park
—
2013 —
WHE0B4B4FBE83
Kinabalu Park, a global biodiversity hotspot, harbors exceptionally high plant diversity on ultramafic outcrops, with 2854 species recorded. These outcrops host distinct vegetation classes linked to soil chemistry, including hypermagnesian and serpentinite soils, which support unique species assemblages despite adverse conditions. Notably, hyperaccumulator plants exhibit extreme Ni concentrations (up to 16.9% in phloem exudate), suggesting an ecophysiological adaptation rather than a random distribution. These findings highlight the park's ultramafic soils as drivers of plant evolution and potential candidates for phytomining, while also revealing the ecological significance of soil chemistry in shaping biodiversity.
Ancient Maya City and Protected Tropical Forests of Calakmul, Campeche
—
2013 —
WHEC4DF71606E
Homegardens in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico, host a high diversity of plant species (310 total) with uses predominantly ornamental (41%), followed by food (35%) and medicinal (30%). The study found that the floristic composition of these gardens is strongly influenced by the socioeconomic conditions and cultural background of the farmers, particularly in ornamental plants. However, neither gender nor culture affects the farmers' evaluation of homegarden functions. Conducted in 20 Maya and Mestizo homegardens, this research used interviews, inventories, and a ranking system to assess botanical composition, structure, infrastructure, and farmer knowledge about management and product processing.
Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site
—
2013 —
WHEB7ED3FD415
Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site, Republic of the Marshall Islands, was inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List in 2010 as a globally significant cultural symbol and icon of the 20th century. This designation reflects its dual nature: a landscape ravaged by nuclear testing (1946–1958) and a remote, exotic paradise. The study examines how the atoll's name, appropriated for the bikini swimsuit, became intertwined with its history of destruction, while also serving as a subversive space co-opted by both global and local actors for heritage recognition. The research employs 'Social Poetics' to explore tensions between official cultural narratives and lived experiences, highlighting Bikini's role in political advocacy for displaced Marshallese communities.
Serra da Capivara National Park
—
2013 —
WHE443367AFF6
A groundbreaking discovery in the Chapada de Diamantina region, situated between Serra da Capivara National Park and Montalvania, Piauí, Brazil, has pushed back the timeline of human habitation in central Brazil. Researchers analyzed calcite formations on rock-wall paintings using thermoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dating techniques, revealing an age range of 40 to 55 thousand years ago (ka). This finding indicates that humans inhabited the area significantly earlier than previously thought, predating 40 ka. The study leverages point defects in calcite crystals as a novel method for dating archaeological sites, offering a precise and non-destructive approach to understanding human settlement patterns in the region.
Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia
—
2013 —
WHEFDC9628053
A comparison of point cloud generation techniques reveals that high-accuracy 3D modeling of archaeological assets is achievable using both Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and dense-matching software, with results demonstrating precision suitable for detailed cultural heritage documentation. The study tested different tools on late Roman mosaic floorings in Aquileia, Italy, showing that low-cost image-matching techniques can rival traditional TLS methods in terms of detail and scale. This finding underscores the potential for cost-effective, high-resolution digital surveys in heritage conservation, balancing accuracy with accessibility.
Samarra Archaeological City
—
2013 —
WHECC69DA249D
A comparative analysis of ALOS PALSAR and RADARSAT-2 satellite sensors reveals distinct advantages for detecting shallow underground archaeological structures, with RADARSAT-2's higher spatial resolution (9 m) offsetting PALSAR's deeper soil penetration (L-band). This study highlights the complementary nature of these sensors in identifying superficial remains at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Samarra and Djebel Barkal. Polarimetric SAR data analysis, supported by archaeological maps and optical satellite imagery, demonstrates the potential for remote sensing to advance archaeological research, particularly where ground-truth surveys are politically restricted.
Paraty and Ilha Grande – Culture and Biodiversity
—
2013 —
WHE3C552D9825
A study analyzing livers of aquatic birds from Ilha Grande Bay, Brazil, found relatively low levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners but highlighted potential widespread biological and mutagenic risks. The research, conducted between 2005 and 2010, examined 16 PCB congeners in four bird species: Egretta caerulea, Nycticorax nycticorax, Egretta thula, and Ardea cocoi. Statistical analysis using Origin software revealed significant differences in congener concentrations, suggesting environmental contamination could pose risks to trophic levels and human health. The findings underscore the importance of monitoring PCB exposure in aquatic ecosystems.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
—
2013 —
WHE51FEEB14DB
A comprehensive resource that offers a rich and diverse perspective on urban life in Pompeii and Herculaneum, two ancient Roman cities buried by the eruption of Vesuvius. This updated edition expands beyond its predecessor by incorporating material from Herculaneum, providing a broader understanding of societal structures through inscriptions and ancient texts. It translates and contextualizes a wide range of source materials, from commercial labels to personal poetry, highlighting everyday life, politics, commerce, religion, and family dynamics. The majority of sources originate from the cities themselves, offering authentic insights from ordinary inhabitants, including citizens and slaves. Enhanced with the latest research, photographs, maps, and plans, this sourcebook serves as an invaluable tool for both academic study and site visits.
Gordion
—
2013 —
WHE979F6DA3D4
A significant discovery at Gordion, the ancient capital of Phrygia, suggests the presence of Pontic inhabitants during the Middle Phrygian through Early Hellenistic periods. This insight is derived from an analysis of pottery styles and house plans, revealing cultural influences that challenge previous assumptions about the site's demographic composition. The study employs a comparative approach, examining architectural features and ceramic artifacts to trace potential migrations or interactions between the Pontic region and Gordion. Such findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the dynamic social and cultural landscape of this UNESCO World Heritage Site during its later phases.
Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System
—
2013 —
WHEF05EE5E3C9
Marine protected areas (MPAs) play a crucial role in conserving endangered species and boosting populations of exploited ones, yet their effectiveness remains debated. A study in the Sapodilla Cayes Marine Reserve (SCMR), part of Belize's Barrier Reef, reveals significant differences in queen conch (<em>Lobatus gigas</em>) population densities between conservation zones and general use areas. Juvenile and adult conch densities were substantially higher in conservation zones (20.13 and 2.88 individuals/100 m², respectively) compared to general use zones (5.29 juveniles and 0.58 adults/100 m²). While shell length showed no significant differences between zones, a strong positive correlation was found between shell length and lip thickness in both areas. These findings underscore the importance of MPAs in sustaining spawning stock biomass, vital for the long-term management of environmentally sensitive ecosystems like Belize's Barrier Reef.
Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek
—
2013 —
WHE9C04E18CD4
Humpback whale populations in Glacier Bay and Icy Strait, Alaska, have shown significant growth over 25 years, with estimates rising from a low of approximately 50 individuals in 1986 to nearly 181 by 2009. This study, utilizing standardized sight-resight data collected since 1985 and robust capture-recapture models, revealed an annual population growth rate of about 4.4%. Key findings also include a high annual survival rate of 94.8% and notable temporary emigration patterns, with around 10.6% of whales temporarily leaving the study area each year. These insights underscore the resilience and recovery of this endangered species within a marine protected area, highlighting the importance of long-term monitoring efforts.
Mistaken Point
—
2013 —
WHE23EBF15F43
A groundbreaking analysis of the population structure of Ediacaran organisms from Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, reveals that these ancient communities likely reproduced continuously and aseasonally. By examining size-frequency distributions of four taxa across five fossil surfaces using Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), researchers found single-cohort models with wide variance best explained the data. This suggests a 'continuous reproduction' model, where Ediacaran organisms lacked seasonal triggers for reproduction, possibly due to deepwater environmental conditions. The study provides critical insights into the life history and ecology of these oldest known macroscopic communities, challenging previous assumptions about their reproductive strategies.
Gough and Inaccessible Islands
—
2013 —
WHEDD97C4C750
A critical decline of 3% annually in the population of the Critically Endangered Tristan albatross at Gough Island has been linked to chick predation by invasive house mice, highlighting a significant on-land threat. This study monitored three albatross species and southern giant petrels over time, revealing stable populations for the latter but interannual variability for Atlantic yellow-nosed and sooty albatrosses. The research used long-term population tracking to correlate Tristan albatross breeding success (23%) with localized predation rates, underscoring the urgency of addressing introduced mammal threats. While trends for other species remain uncertain due to small sample sizes, the findings reinforce the conservation priority of the Tristan albatross and call for broader data collection to assess global population dynamics.
Jomon Prehistoric Sites in Northern Japan
—
2013 —
WHE4F3FC6E249
Archaeological excavations on Rebun Island, Japan, reveal that obsidian—a material not found naturally on the island—was used continuously from the Middle Jomon period (5400–4300 cal. YBP) through to the Okhotsk period (1500–750 YBP). This suggests significant long-distance trade or transportation of raw materials and tools, a pattern consistent with broader prehistoric lithic industries in northeast Asia. To trace the origins of this obsidian, researchers employed portable-XRF analysis on artifacts from three sites: Uedomari 3, Kafukai 1, and Hamanaka 2. The findings promise to illuminate shifts in resource procurement and distribution among hunter-gatherer communities during these periods, offering new insights into the economic and cultural dynamics of prehistoric Northern Japan.
Dorset and East Devon Coast
—
2013 —
WHEFE0ED54773
Portland Stone, a Jurassic ooidal limestone from the United Kingdom, has been nominated as the first 'Global Heritage Stone Resource' (GHSR) based on its significant cultural history, widespread use, and continued availability. The study highlights Portland Stone's extensive application in historic buildings, including St Paul's Cathedral and the British Museum, as well as its association with renowned architect Sir Christopher Wren and international landmarks like the United Nations building. Its ongoing quarrying, environmentally sensitive extraction, and inclusion in the Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage area further strengthen its candidacy. The proposal serves as a model for future GHSR nominations, emphasizing criteria such as cultural significance, geographical use, and contemporary availability to safeguard the resource from sterilization.
Delos
—
2013 —
WHE3F8C5691CC
Delos reveals significant insights into the portrayal of women through sculpture during its late Hellenistic/late Republican period (after 167/6 BCE). The island's strategic position under Athenian control attracted Italian traders and businessmen, leaving a rich legacy of epigraphic, archaeological, and sculptural evidence. The study focuses on the formats and body types used for female images in freestanding statues and funerary reliefs, with particular attention to an unusual marble portrait head from the House of the Diadoumenos. Through analysis of the portrait's style, date, and find context, the research suggests possible identities for the subject, contributing to our understanding of gender representation and social dynamics in this period.
Town of Luang Prabang
—
2013 —
WHE4915A497A8
Despite Lao PDR's low ranking on the ICT Index, young adults in higher education institutions demonstrate high readiness for mobile technology adoption. This study identifies significant potential for leveraging mobile learning applications to promote awareness of World Heritage Site preservation in Luang Prabang. The research employed surveys and interviews to assess technological readiness among this demographic. Findings suggest that mobile learning could serve as an effective tool for educating young adults about the importance of preserving cultural heritage, paving the way for future development of targeted educational applications.
City of Verona
—
2013 —
WHE55A3AE1740
A groundbreaking analysis of the Mezzena jaw from Riparo Mezzena, a Middle Paleolithic rockshelter in Verona, Italy, reveals potential interbreeding between late Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans (AMHs). Mitochondrial DNA sequencing identified this as the only genetically typed Neanderthal in the Italian peninsula, confirming its late Neanderthal status through direct dating. The study employed comparative morphology and geometric morphometrics to compare the Mezzena mandible with mid-Pleistocene fossils, Neanderthals, and AMHs. Notably, the chin region of the Mezzena jaw exhibits a more modern morphology, resembling that of other late Neanderthals such as Spy 1, La Ferrassie, and Saint-Césaire. This anatomical change supports the hypothesis of interbreeding between Neanderthals and AMHs in Europe during this period, suggesting a non-abrupt phylogenetic transition.
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
—
2013 —
WHEB801A9E4B9
A visual impact analysis of utility-scale solar energy development within Solar Energy Zones (SEZs) on key observation points (KOPs) in Death Valley and Joshua Tree National Parks, and El Camino Real De Tierra Adentro National Historic Trail revealed that certain viewpoints could experience major visual contrasts due to the intense brightness of power tower receivers and their structural height. However, many KOPs were likely to face only moderate, minor, or negligible impacts, primarily because they were distant from SEZs, partially obstructed by terrain, or had low vertical angles toward the SEZs. Power towers emerged as significant contributors to visual contrasts, not only due to the brightness of their receivers but also because of their height and potential night-sky impacts from navigation lighting.
Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa
—
2013 —
WHEE5CEB1CEA2
The study 'Power Plays in the Cradle of Humankind' investigates the intersection of national identity, masculinity, and whiteness in South Africa through a theatrical lens. It explores how these themes are staged and perceived within the context of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, the Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa. The research employs qualitative methods, focusing on performance analysis to dissect the social and political narratives embedded in theatrical productions. The study reveals how these performances reflect broader societal dynamics, particularly around issues of power, identity, and historical representation.
Choirokoitia
—
2013 —
WHE4D418B06CC
Remarkable preservation of fruit remains at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Choirokoitia (Khirokitia) reveals the significant role of foraging in the Neolithic pre-ceramic period on Cyprus. Analysis of 420 sediment samples, including previously unstudied layers, demonstrates that wild plant gathering was a seasonal and complementary food source alongside emerging agro-pastoral practices between 6800 and 5500 BCE. The diversity of carpo-restes not only underscores the importance of foraging but also, when combined with anthracological data, reconstructs the past vegetation exploited around the site. This study provides insights into both the environmental context and the practical exploitation of wild resources within this early settlement.
Western Ghats
—
2013 —
WHE80D4882D1C
Small carnivores in the Western Ghats, particularly in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, exhibit distinct distribution patterns influenced by environmental factors such as distance to villages and precipitation. Research using maximum entropy modeling (MaxEnt) identified key predictors for six species, with 'distance to village' and seasonal precipitation being significant across most models. The study found that habitat heterogeneity, driven by an east-west climatic gradient, plays a crucial role in shaping the distribution of these carnivores. Predicted suitable habitats ranged from 28 km² to 63 km² for different species, highlighting the importance of modeling for targeted conservation planning. This approach offers valuable insights for prioritizing conservation efforts in southern India.
Yosemite National Park
—
2013 —
WHE273C4657B0
Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, holds one of California's longest sediment records, spanning approximately 16,000 years and providing high-resolution insights into past climate variability. Analysis of diatom assemblages from a 947-cm composite sediment core reveals that the lake has consistently been freshwater, oligotrophic, and circumneutral to alkaline throughout its history. Early sediments indicate sparse watershed vegetation, allowing organic-poor silt and clay deposition as the basin rapidly filled to at least 5 meters in depth. The record also captures significant Holocene lake-level fluctuations, with evidence of climatic events such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly and Little Ice Age preserved in the upper 50 cm. This study leverages varved sediments—a rare feature in California lakes—to reconstruct detailed paleoclimatic conditions, offering a critical window into the region's environmental past.
Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu
—
2013 —
WHE6A9DE5CCEA
A comprehensive study reveals the presence of the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) across multiple regions and protected areas within the Peruvian sector of the Vilcabamba-Amboro Conservation Corridor, including UNESCO's Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. The research, combining in situ evaluations, interviews, literature reviews, and museum/zoo databases, identified the bear's range from tropical rainforests to highlands (400–4,170 masl) and highlighted critical areas such as Megantoni National Sanctuary, Manu, Amarakaeri, and Japu Bosque-Ukumari Llaqta Private Conservation Areas for their diverse resources. The study suggests potential connectivity between Peruvian and Bolivian bear populations due to proximity to Madidi National Park (Bolivia). However, human activities like agriculture, logging, mining, and infrastructure development pose significant threats by reducing habitat availability, impacting food, refuge, and movement corridors essential for bear population maintenance.
Petra
—
2013 —
WHED8CB377CF1
A groundbreaking initiative, the Temple of the Winged Lions Cultural Resource Management Initiative, is making strides toward sustainable preservation for Petra, Jordan. This project focuses on a 2,000-year-old Nabataean temple within the ancient city center, addressing complex challenges in protecting this UNESCO World Heritage site. The initiative employs a holistic, grassroots approach that integrates various subcomponents to ensure long-term conservation. By combining innovative strategies and community engagement, it aims to solve the enduring mystery of how to sustainably preserve Petra for future generations.
Semmering Railway
—
2013 —
WHE02D004242D
This issue of <em>Geomechanics and Tunnelling</em> provides insights into the Semmering Railway's modernization, focusing on the New Semmering Base Tunnel (NSBT), a critical project for Austria's rail network. Key advancements include innovative tunnel construction techniques, such as the reuse of tunnel spoil material in segment production, which demonstrates sustainable practices in large-scale infrastructure projects. The issue also highlights logistical challenges and solutions for long tunnel drives, including the development of a disc cutter force monitoring system to enhance safety and efficiency. Additionally, it explores ventilation strategies for emergency stations in very long railway tunnels and addresses current challenges in preventing the sintering of tunnel drainage systems through modeling and monitoring tools.
Jongmyo Shrine
—
2013 —
WHE7DB33D82AA
Research on the Jongmyo Royal Ancestral Rite reveals that the arrangement of ritual vessels and food follows a complex system rooted in ancient traditions, Confucian principles, and cosmological symbolism. The study identifies a hierarchical structure where raw foods (symbolizing ancient customs) are prioritized over cooked ones, with clear distinctions based on directionality—raw meats and foods placed to the east (associated with spring and yang energy), while cooked dishes align with west (autumn and yin). Vessels like 俎豆 (zu dou) and ?豆 (dou) are arranged by parity: even numbers for yin (raw offerings) and odd for yang (cooked), reflecting yin-yang duality. The rite’s peak, the 作獻 (zakhyeon) ceremony, symbolizes ancestral communication through ritual alcohol pouring, using a round vessel (작) with two pillars and three legs to embody cosmic harmony (heaven-earth, yin-yang, Five Phases). This study deciphers how Joseon-era rituals codified in texts like 『每事問』 (1796) embed Confucian values—filial piety (仁)—into spatial and material practices, illustrating a living tradition that balances cosmic order with social hierarchy.
Kilimanjaro National Park
—
2013 —
WHE9F25483FD6
Tanzania, a critical hub for primate conservation in mainland Africa, harbors 43 species and subspecies of primates, including globally rare and range-restricted taxa. A comprehensive analysis identifies Priority Primate Areas (PPAs) totaling 102,513 km², encompassing diverse protected sites such as national parks, game reserves, and forest reserves. These areas are ranked based on irreplaceability and vulnerability using a novel Taxon Conservation Score. Notably, just nine PPAs—including Kilimanjaro National Park, Mahale, and Udzungwa—cover 8,679 km² and protect all 27 primate species. Expanding to 14 PPAs ensures the conservation of Tanzania's entire primate diversity. This study leverages IUCN Red List criteria and complementarity analyses to pinpoint critical sites for targeted protection, with 71% of PPAs overlapping with Important Bird Areas (IBAs), highlighting their ecological significance.
Aapravasi Ghat
—
2013 —
WHE602EAE7C48
Aapravasi Ghat, inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List as a symbol of the Indian diaspora, serves as a contested site for Mauritian nationalism. While it represents transnational diasporic identity, its designation reflects a political vision that prioritizes diaspora over mixed or entangled identities. This study reveals how diaspora functions as a primary modality for distinguishing Mauritian citizenship and fostering a sense of loyalty to a single place, akin to primordial nationalisms. The research examines the emergence and operation of Aapravasi Ghat as a diasporic heritage project, highlighting the dynamic nature of identities and the political implications of its World Heritage status.
Mount Etna
—
2013 —
WHE87B78B9381
A probabilistic model of future volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna reveals that flank eruptions follow a nonhomogeneous Poisson process, with space-time varying intensities. The study, based on comprehensive historical data from 1610 to the present, demonstrates spatial nonhomogeneity and temporal nonstationarity in eruption patterns. It calculates recurrence rates to produce spatiotemporal probability maps predicting vent opening over the next 1, 10, and 50 years, providing critical insights for volcanic hazard assessment. Additionally, summit crater activity shows a significant increase in eruptive frequency since the mid-20th century, particularly after the formation of the Southeast Crater in 1971.
Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison
—
2013 —
WHED2A8D151A7
A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment for Bridgetown, Barbados, reveals that the dominant earthquake scenarios for return periods of 475 and 975 years involve subduction interface earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from M 7.4 to M 8.6 at distances of approximately 42.5 km beneath the Barbados accretionary prism. Additionally, an event with a magnitude of M 8.0 at a distance of 107.5 km in the intraplate subduction zone is also significant for these return periods. The study employed the Cornell-McGuire approach, incorporating characteristic earthquakes and slip rates, along with a logic-tree framework to calculate uniform hazard spectra for various structural periods and return periods. This analysis provides critical insights into seismic risks for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison.
Susa
—
2013 —
WHE9BFC40306E
Achaemenid Royal Road between Susa and Persepolis: Routes and Stations reveals significant challenges in pinpointing the exact locations of stations along the Achaemenid Royal Road, despite advancements in reconstructing its itinerary. The study leverages ancient sources, archaeological evidence, and toponymic investigations to propose hypotheses on station distribution. By analyzing texts from the Persepolis Fortification Archive, researchers aim to clarify the spatial organization of these stations, offering new insights into the logistical and administrative structure of one of the most important routes in ancient Persia.
Borobudur Temple Compounds
—
2013 —
WHE6B80D566F7
Borobudur Temple Compounds, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Central Java, Indonesia, faces significant challenges in leveraging tourism for socio-economic development. Despite its status as a major tourist attraction and a symbol of cultural heritage, the site struggles to fully capitalize on its potential due to complex socio-political dynamics. The temple complex, which includes Borobudur, Mendut, and Pawon Temples, underwent extensive restoration between 1973 and 1983 under UNESCO coordination but continues to grapple with issues such as balancing tourism development with cultural preservation, particularly in a predominantly Muslim region where Buddhist practices are maintained. The study highlights the need for more nuanced approaches to heritage tourism that address local context, religious sensitivities, and sustainable economic benefits.
Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang – Plain of Jars
—
2013 —
WHE45C542B6D1
Conservation agriculture (CA) offers a viable alternative to conventional tillage-based systems for enhancing soil productivity and profitability in the acid savannah grasslands of Laos, particularly around the UNESCO World Heritage Site Megalithic Jar Sites in Xiengkhuang – Plain of Jars. A three-year study comparing CA with conventional tillage (CT) across different fertilization levels found that CA systems achieved similar or higher grain production and profits while also improving labor productivity and opportunities for livestock system intensification, regardless of fertilization intensity. These findings suggest that CA could contribute to sustainable smallholder agriculture in the region if supported by institutional transformations, such as local manufacturing and trade partnerships for no-till implements, long-term research initiatives, and technical mentoring for farmers. The integration of ecosystem services into agricultural policy may further strengthen this transition.
Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves
—
2013 —
WHE04DCC8A949
Governance structures on oceanic islands with UNESCO World Heritage status significantly influence local socioeconomic outcomes, despite similarities in natural attributes and official recognition. A comparative analysis of Lord Howe Island (Australia) and Fernando de Noronha (Brazil) reveals distinct approaches to tourism and heritage management that yield divergent community impacts. The study highlights how governance models—rooted in historical and contemporary contexts—shape daily life, economic activities, and sustainability practices. While both islands face comparable challenges, their differing strategies underscore the need for tailored mechanisms to balance conservation with local engagement, offering lessons for sustainable island governance.
Historic Town of Ouro Preto
—
2013 —
WHEE33EC05871
A strategic fieldwork route between Ouro Preto and Mariana, Brazil, is proposed to enhance geosciences education by leveraging the geological heritage of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero. This approach aims to stimulate cognitive development in students through hands-on learning, integrating entrepreneurial education with geoconservation principles. The study combines a literature review on geosciences pedagogy and regional geology with field surveys to identify key outcrops for educational use. By encouraging teachers to design their own fieldwork experiences, the proposal seeks to transform classroom learning into opportunities for local development, citizenship, and sustainable economic growth.
Viñales Valley
—
2013 —
WHE1F5E6E45EB
A system of indicators was developed to assess the sustainability of tourism in Viñales Valley, Cuba, a UNESCO-recognized Cultural Landscape and national park. The study found that while the valley's small-scale tourist development aims to improve local living standards and preserve natural and cultural resources, its sustainability requires careful evaluation. By applying these indicators, researchers identified key areas for improvement to balance economic growth with environmental and cultural preservation, offering actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders.
Susa
—
2013 —
WHEF89F820814
A prosopographic analysis of legal documents from Susa reveals new insights into the chronological order of local rulers and reconstructs family archives, providing detailed information about inheritance patterns, parent-child sequences, and sibling relationships. The study leverages oaths and inheritance links to map familial connections, offering a deeper understanding of Susa's social structure during this period.
Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa
—
2013 —
WHE706D7ACEFA
A study using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the ENVISAT ASAR satellite successfully identified and monitored anthropogenic features, including the Nasca Lines and ancient aqueduct systems (puquios), in the arid desert region of southern Peru. By analyzing backscattering coefficients (σ0) from 2003 to 2007, researchers detected subtle changes in water levels and vegetation, providing insights into the conservation status of the Ceremonial Centre of Cahuachi and surrounding archaeological mounds. The findings demonstrate the potential of SAR data for routine archaeological prospection and condition monitoring in arid environments, offering a non-invasive method to study and preserve UNESCO World Heritage Sites like Nasca.
Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks
—
2013 —
WHE6184635AFA
Protected areas (PAs) and indigenous lands (ILs) in the Brazilian Cerrado significantly reduce habitat conversion compared to unprotected sites, with strictly protected PAs being more effective than multiple-use PAs. A study analyzing data from 2002 to 2009 found that both PA types and ILs experienced lower conversion rates when matched with similarly exposed unprotected areas. Strictly protected PAs, despite having similar baseline conversion rates as multiple-use PAs, demonstrated greater effectiveness in reducing habitat loss, likely due to stricter land-use regulations. Indigenous lands also showed strong effectiveness, though their baseline conversion rates were high. This research underscores the importance of differentiating PA categories and highlights the potential for increased conservation investments in this rapidly vanishing ecosystem.
Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks
—
2013 —
WHEF2C259638F
Proterochampsia, a distinct group of crocodile-like archosauriforms, has been identified as endemic to the late Middle and early Late Triassic periods in South America. This clade, which includes genera such as Cerritosaurus, Proterochampsa, Chanaresuchus, Gualosuchus, and Tropidosuchus, was traditionally confused with crocodilians but has since been clarified through new discoveries and phylogenetic studies to be a non-archosaurian archosauriform. Proterochampsia is considered a potential successive sister-taxa of the crown group Archosauria, shedding light on the evolutionary relationships among Triassic archosaurs. The research, based on fossils from the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in Argentina and the Parana Basin in Brazil, provides significant insights into the biodiversity and evolutionary history of this region during the Triassic period.
Qinghai Hoh Xil
—
2013 —
WHEA6B8F2E8A2
Researchers have uncovered critical evidence of Jurassic-age marine sediments in the northwestern Hoh-Xil-Songpan-Ganzi complex, northern Tibet, which unconformably overlie Upper Triassic turbidites. This discovery challenges previous understanding of the region's geological history and provides new insights into the tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleo-Tethys Ocean. Through detailed geological mapping, stratigraphic analysis, and U-Pb geochronology of detrital zircons from 4128 samples across multiple terranes, the study reveals that Middle-Upper Triassic marine gravity-flow deposits were sourced from distant regions including the North and South China blocks, Kunlun, Qiangtang terranes, and the ultrahigh-pressure Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt. The findings suggest significant horizontal tectonic transport and the opening of large back-arc basins during the Paleo-Tethys Ocean's evolution, marking a pivotal phase in its demise and the accretion of Gondwana-derived terranes to Eurasia.
Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque
—
2013 —
WHEDE6C8B0264
Researchers have uncovered the probable origin and spread of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, linking its emergence to human invasion of primary rainforests during the post-Columbian era. Through ecological investigations in Palenque National Park, Mexico, they identified an ancestral SLEV variant in Culex nigripalpus mosquitoes, distinct from epidemic strains. Phylogeographic analysis traced the common ancestor of all epidemic SLEVs to a region between southern Mexico and Panama around 330 years ago, with subsequent expansion occurring in two waves along major bird migration pathways. Cell culture studies revealed that the ancestral virus was less adaptive to hosts outside primary rainforests compared to epidemic strains. This study provides critical insights into the virus's provenance and its association with historical human activities.
Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls
—
2013 —
WHEE3477A7119
Tourism planning in conflict zones, such as the Old City of Jerusalem, requires significant public involvement to balance development with political and cultural sensitivities. This study highlights the critical role of local populations in tourism management, particularly in East Jerusalem, where the lack of consensus on political status complicates sustainable solutions. The research emphasizes that effective tourism strategies must prioritize public cooperation while navigating complex geopolitical challenges. By focusing on community engagement, such approaches can mitigate ethical and societal tensions, offering a path toward more inclusive and sustainable heritage conservation.
Wooden Churches of Maramureş
—
2013 —
WHEBB55C40635
A study on pupils' and students' perceptions of the wooden churches in Maramureş, Romania, confirmed that their representations were not very precise. The research employed a questionnaire to analyze responses regarding these UNESCO-listed structures and their role as tourist attractions. Findings suggest limited awareness among local youth about the cultural significance and potential of these heritage sites, highlighting an opportunity for educational interventions to enhance appreciation and engagement with Maramureş's unique wooden architecture.
Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
—
2013 —
WHE362935C4AB
A significant shift in Russian political landscape emerged following the 2011 parliamentary elections and the 2012 presidential election, marked by unprecedented large-scale protests. These demonstrations, largely organized by a new generation of internationally educated activists using social media, demanded fair elections and democratic reforms, symbolized by white ribbons and human chains around Moscow and the Kremlin. Despite initial fears of police repression, the protests unfolded without violence, encouraging further activism and leading to the emergence of opposition spokespersons such as Alexei Navalny and Garry Kasparov. The study highlights the contrast between these demonstrations and the entrenched 'Putin System,' characterized by centralized power and the fusion of political authority with business interests.
Al Zubarah Archaeological Site
—
2013 —
WHE50D766C12A
Territorial disputes between Bahrain and Qatar, which had been relatively dormant since 1895, resurfaced with renewed complexity in the early twentieth century. This period saw significant expansion of contested areas, including the district of Zubarah, the Hawar Islands, and the shoals of Dibal and Jaradah, along with the seabed between the two states. The study highlights how these disputes evolved, adding new layers to the long-standing tensions in the Persian Gulf region.
Białowieża Forest
—
2013 —
WHE3FDE55106E
Białowieża Forest, Europe's last primeval lowland forest, has experienced significant anthropogenic disturbance over 1,800 years. A study quantifying these impacts found that by the late 18th century, 9.5% of a 200 sq km area was entirely deforested, while 33.5% was moderately or strongly altered, leaving only 57% untouched. Naturalness declined from 73.5% to 54.5% during this period. The research used a combination of field surveys, archaeological excavations, and historical documents to estimate disturbance strength and durability, developing a conceptual framework applicable to other forest landscapes.
Site of Palmyra
—
2013 —
WHEAEA419EB2E
Research on Palmyra Atoll, USA, reveals significant differences in fish herbivory patterns between exposed fore reef and protected reef terrace habitats. While per capita bite rates were higher in the deeper fore reef (45% more bites per minute), overall grazing intensity on turf algae was five times greater on the shallower reef terrace. The study highlights functional redundancy among herbivores, with strong guild-level selectivity for algal turfs, while also demonstrating variability in species-specific grazing behaviors. Phylogenetic constraints on grazing activities were evident when comparing bite and defecation rates across the Indo-Pacific. This work provides a framework for assessing the broader impacts of fish herbivory on coral reef ecosystems.
