Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa
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Advanced Earth observation (EO) and remote sensing (RS) techniques, combined with geoscientific ground investigations, are revolutionizing the study of archaeological records and cultural heritage. This book presents cutting-edge research that leverages very high-resolution satellite images, airborne surveys, geographic information systems (GIS), and nondestructive laboratory analyses to reconstruct ancient manufacturing technologies and validate hypotheses about historical events shaping landscapes. Case studies include iconic UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Nasca Lines in Peru, as well as lesser-known areas in tropical forests and arid environments that were once lush with vegetation. The collection also addresses the legal and educational challenges of applying these technologies for heritage preservation, particularly in Africa.
Grand Canyon National Park
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2019 —
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A new model of settlement practices during the Formative Period (AD 700–1225) in Grand Canyon National Park reveals distinct variations among the Virgin Ancestral Puebloan, Kayenta Ancestral Puebloan, and Cohonina traditions. The study highlights how these groups adapted to the region's ecological diversity, offering deeper insights into their social structures and environmental interactions. Researchers analyzed archaeological data to identify patterns in settlement distribution and organization, providing a framework for understanding the dynamics of early Puebloan communities in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Virunga National Park
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2019 —
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A One Health approach is critical for controlling Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), particularly in North-Kivu and Ituri provinces, where transmission has expanded despite extensive response efforts. The study highlights that the proximity to wildlife, such as Virunga National Park, and high population movement due to conflict exacerbate transmission dynamics. While current strategies—including screening, vaccination, therapeutics, and community mobilization—have been implemented by the DRC Ministry of Health (MoH) with WHO support, challenges persist in curbing the outbreak's spread. The research underscores the need for integrating human, animal, and environmental health measures to effectively manage infectious diseases like EVD in complex, conflict-affected regions.
Central Amazon Conservation Complex
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2019 —
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Aerial insectivorous bats exhibit distinct vulnerabilities to tropical forest fragmentation, with echolocation call structure, vertical stratum preference, and wing aspect ratio emerging as critical predictors of sensitivity. Species with constant-frequency calls, which thrive in dense vegetation, are particularly susceptible to fragmentation compared to those with frequency-modulated calls. Understory species also show greater vulnerability than canopy-dwelling bats, while high-aspect-ratio wings correlate with occupancy of forest edges and clearings. These findings, derived from a large-scale ecological experiment across the Central Amazon, underscore the importance of preserving structurally complex forests to ensure the long-term persistence of vulnerable bat species in fragmented landscapes.
Curonian Spit
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2019 —
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A study of the Curonian Spit reveals that heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, Sr, Ni, Ca, Fe, Br, Rb) in dominant plant species and soils are below toxic levels and comparable to less urbanized regions. This finding suggests the site's ecosystems are resilient to heavy metal accumulation, providing a baseline for environmental standards in the Kaliningrad region. Researchers analyzed metal content in foredune, palve area, and large dune ridge ecosystems using quantitative methods, confirming that concentrations do not exceed sanitary limits and are ecologically non-toxic.
Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, Northern part of Okinawa Island, and Iriomote Island
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2019 —
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Competition, not reproductive interference, drives ecological character displacement in non-congeneric frogs. Researchers analyzed phenotypic divergence between Odorrana amamiensis and Babina subaspera on Amami-Oshima Island, Tokunoshima Island, and Iriomote Island, testing Schluter's criteria for ecological character displacement. They found that O. amamiensis exhibited phenotypic changes related to prey preference and availability, with little reproductive interference between the species. This suggests competition is a primary driver of divergence in non-congeneric organisms, offering a novel model to study ecological character displacement while minimizing confounding factors.
Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve
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2019 —
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Assisted migration of Abies religiosa (sacred fir) combined with nurse plants significantly improves afforestation success in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. Research found that seedlings planted under existing nurse plants exhibited survival rates of 72% and 94% at two sites, compared to just 18% and 10% in open areas without shade protection. The study also demonstrated that transferring tree populations 400 meters upward in elevation—an approach known as assisted migration—does not negatively impact seedling growth, potentially aligning them better with future climate conditions. These findings suggest that incorporating nurse shrubs like Baccharis conferta into reforestation strategies can enhance ecological restoration efforts, particularly in high-elevation regions vulnerable to climate change.
Danube Delta
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2019 —
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Research on the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania, reveals that West Nile virus (WNV) has experienced at least two separate lineage 2 introductions—one from Africa into the delta and another from Greece into southeastern Romania—during the 1990s and early 2000s. The study, spanning 2014 to 2016, analyzed genetic diversity, phylogeography, xenosurveillance, and mosquito host-feeding patterns using data from over 659,000 mosquitoes. Findings indicate that WNV activity in the region is continuous but low, with evidence of in situ evolution shaping its genetic diversity. Notably, Culex pipiens s.l./torrentium emerged as a potential bridge vector due to its catholic host-feeding pattern, predominantly feeding on non-human mammals and birds. While no WNV-RNA was detected in blood-fed mosquitoes, specific antibodies were found in dogs and horses, suggesting persistent but low virus activity during the study period.
Komodo National Park
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2019 —
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Komodo National Park's tourism, driven by the iconic Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), generates an annual economic value of approximately Rp 5.99 trillion. This figure translates to an individual value of Rp 2.11 billion per Komodo dragon annually, based on estimates derived from the Individual Travel Cost Method (TCM). The study highlights that tourism in this UNESCO World Heritage Site contributes significantly, accounting for 44% of locally-generated revenue and 5% of West Manggarai Regency's total Locally-Generated Revenue. These findings underscore the Komodo dragon's critical role as a conservation instrument, emphasizing its intangible existence value and the need for sustainable management to preserve this vulnerable species in its natural habitat.
Ujung Kulon National Park
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2019 —
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Research at Padali Resort, Ujung Kulon National Park, reveals that non-timber forest products (NTFPs) contribute significantly to local economic welfare, with a total annual value of Rp. 262,460,702.25. The study identifies eight key NTFPs—sugar palm, bamboo, durian, dogfruit, coconut, mangosteen, melinjo, and stink bean—of which 62.62% are used commercially. Padasuka Village shows the highest dependence on these resources, accounting for half of the total economic value. The findings highlight the park's role in supporting community livelihoods through sustainable NTFP utilization. The study employed literature reviews, interviews, and field observations, with quantitative analysis using a market price approach to assess economic contributions.
Sundarbans National Park
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2019 —
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A comprehensive ecosystem service assessment of wetlands in the Sundarbans National Park and East Kolkata Wetlands reveals that 32 out of 36 possible ecosystem services are produced across these sites, with significant variations attributed to differing wetland characteristics and management regimes. The study highlights critical gaps in existing literature, particularly in recognizing provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services, and demonstrates the importance of systemic approaches like the Rapid Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services (RAWES) in capturing interdependent service production. This method not only supports the protection of ecological character but also challenges the underrepresentation of peri-urban wetlands' values, offering a practical framework for informed decision-making.
Tongariro National Park
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2019 —
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Ecotourism holds significant potential for sustainable development within sacred natural places, provided it adheres to the cultural values and respect the traditions of indigenous peoples. This study demonstrates that ecotourism can thrive in such sites, exemplified by successful models like New Zealand's Tongariro National Park, which attracts around a million tourists annually, Kenya's Sacred Forests of Kaya, and the U.S.'s Devil's Towers National Monument. The research explores various approaches to integrating cultural landscapes with high biodiversity into tourism frameworks while maintaining ecological integrity. It highlights the importance of balancing tourist demands with local cultural significance, offering practical pathways for responsible ecotourism in these sensitive environments.
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh
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2019 —
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Edinburgh stands out as a uniquely preserved capital city, with its development intricately linked to European urban and architectural influences, conservation efforts, and governance. A key insight is the city's deliberate cultivation of identity, blending Old and New Towns holistically rather than treating them as isolated historical events. This approach extends beyond the city center, integrating suburban edges and offering a comprehensive perspective on Edinburgh's evolution over nearly 1,000 years. The study employs a thematic framework centered on architecture, landscape, sustainability, and governance to analyze these dynamics, revealing how political and institutional investments have shaped Edinburgh's distinct character—unmatched in the UK for its careful preservation of image and identity.
Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex
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2019 —
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A previously undocumented fountain within the Edirne Selimiye Mosque complex, a masterpiece by Ottoman architect Sinan, has been identified and analyzed for the first time. This wall fountain, located on the northern outer court wall, was not mentioned in historical records or biographies of Sinan. The study examines its architectural characteristics, construction, and dating, providing new insights into Sinan's lesser-known works. It also contextualizes the fountain within the broader tradition of Islamic water structures, highlighting its significance in Edirne's architectural heritage.
Historic Centre of Florence
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2019 —
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A novel peer education model successfully fostered a culture of peace among high school students in Florence, Italy. The program, involving over 70 participants during the 2016–2017 academic year, integrated non-violent communication techniques and was sustained through local partnerships with the University of Florence and the Florence UNESCO Center. Building on the Peace Education Program of Prem Rawat Foundation, it emphasized active student participation in learning conflict resolution, dialogue, and mutual respect. Its long-term impact is demonstrated by its adoption across new schools and universities, highlighting an effective approach to nurturing peaceful values and behaviors in youth.
Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church
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2019 —
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A devastating fire in 1834 destroyed much of the Palace of Westminster, including its medieval timber and plaster structure. This catastrophe provided an opportunity for a significant architectural and scientific transformation. Edward J. Gillin's work, 'The Victorian Palace of Science,' explores how this rebuilding process integrated scientific knowledge into the construction of the Houses of Parliament. The study highlights the role of scientific advancements during the Victorian era in shaping the new edifice, including innovative materials and techniques that ensured durability and resilience against future fires. By analyzing historical records and architectural plans, Gillin reveals how this period marked a pivotal moment in the intersection of science and architecture.
Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu
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2019 —
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A study evaluating the impact of human activities on the Inca trail network within Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary revealed significant variations in road depth, particularly along the Salkantay trail. Over three years (2008–2010), solid waste accumulation increased, with plastic being the most prevalent type, alongside organic waste from livestock. The study also documented wildlife presence, including 21 bird species and 3 mammal species on the Traditional Inca Trail, with notable species such as Puma concolor (Near Threatened) and Vultur gryphus (Endangered). This research highlights the ecological challenges posed by tourism and livestock in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex
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2019 —
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A significant relationship exists between components of place identity and the sense of attachment people feel toward Tabriz Historic Bazaar, with memorability, satisfaction, and introduction/identification emerging as the strongest predictors. These factors not only influence how business owners perceive their environment but also contribute to the preservation and enhancement of this UNESCO-recognized architectural heritage. The study employed a correlational approach, analyzing data from 374 randomly selected business owners using questionnaires with 36 components across six dimensions. Statistical analysis revealed that memorability had the highest beta coefficient (0.314), followed by satisfaction (0.241) and introduction/identification (0.140), all significantly impacting place attachment at p<0.01. These findings underscore the importance of preserving and improving the quality of Tabriz Bazaar to sustain its cultural significance.
Yosemite National Park
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2019 —
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A successful landscape-level eradication of the invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) from Yosemite Valley, Yosemite National Park, has been achieved through long-term removal efforts by the National Park Service (NPS). Starting in 2005, targeted removal using hand, net, and spear techniques led to an 86% reduction in bullfrog populations within the first year. By 2012, no signs of breeding were observed, and the last individual was recorded in 2019. The NPS utilized environmental DNA (eDNA) surveys and audio recordings from 2015 onward to enhance detection accuracy. Following eradication, restoration efforts introduced the federally threatened California red-legged frog (Rana draytonii), marking the first documented successful bullfrog removal on a landscape scale. This study demonstrates that invasive species can be effectively managed in protected areas, facilitating the recovery of endangered native species.
Kilimanjaro National Park
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2019 —
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Climate and land-cover changes significantly impact tourist attractions in Tanzanian national parks, particularly Kilimanjaro National Park (KINAPA) and Serengeti National Park (SENAPA). The study reveals that while warmer temperatures and altered rainfall patterns may initially enhance trekking conditions on Mount Kilimanjaro, the long-term loss of snow cover and montane forests poses a threat to tourism. In SENAPA, changes in temperature and land-cover types disrupt wildebeest migration patterns, challenging tourists' expectations. The research introduces the 'eco-parcel' approach, which classifies tourist attractions in fine categories and links them with specific environmental properties, enabling localized impact assessments. This method provides a nuanced understanding of how environmental changes affect individual attractions, offering valuable insights for conservation and tourism management.
Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs)
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2019 —
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Development interventions can significantly impact biocultural diversity, as demonstrated by contrasting responses to the introduction of wheat seeds in two Pamir Mountain communities. One community maintained traditional practices, fostering reciprocal exchange and low youth outmigration, while the other adopted store-bought ingredients, abandoned grain cultivation, and experienced circular migration patterns. These divergent pathways highlight the dynamic interplay between social-ecological systems and development interventions. The study suggests that understanding these relationships can empower more effective development strategies by identifying endogenous responses to local, regional, and global changes.
Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks
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2019 —
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In 2018, the Cerrado Protected Areas—Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks—experienced the smallest recorded area burned since the initiation of the PROMAQ monitoring program in 2010. Despite a rise in reported fire incidents, the total area affected by fires dropped significantly, attributed to improved detection using high-resolution PlanetScope imagery and increased firefighting efforts. The study highlights how advancements in remote sensing, combined with enhanced on-the-ground response (e.g., hiring 100 specialized firefighters), can mitigate fire impacts in protected areas. These findings underscore the dual role of technology and resource allocation in shaping fire regimes, offering a model for other conservation zones.
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas
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2019 —
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From 1994 to 2016, the population of the endangered Yunnan snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) increased from fewer than 2,000 to around 3,000 individuals, driven largely by the establishment of protected nature reserves. However, habitat fragmentation and human disturbance negatively impacted population growth, with uneven subpopulation dynamics and reduced genetic diversity in some regions. The study recommends prioritizing conservation efforts for genetically distinct populations like Baimei and Jisichang while expanding migration corridors to connect larger source populations, such as Guyoulong (Guilong), to smaller ones. This approach ensures not only population growth but also the preservation of genetic diversity, which is critical for long-term survival.
Niokolo-Koba National Park
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2019 —
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A significant increase in pond surface area from 40.3 ha in 1975 to 83.4 ha by 2010 was observed, followed by a sharp decline to 67.8 ha in 2019 due to rainfall deficits and aquatic vegetation expansion in Niokolo-Koba National Park's Gambia River Basin ponds (Simenti, Kountadala, Oudassi). Hydroclimatic trends revealed positive and significant increases in temperature and evaporation, alongside a negative trend in precipitation at a 95% confidence level. The study utilized Landsat, Google Earth, and Sentinel imagery for pond trend mapping and applied Mann-Kendall and Pettitt tests to hydroclimatic data, including precipitation, temperature, evaporation, and discharge. Recommendations included water transfer operations to mitigate scarcity and drying-up of these critical water bodies.
Mount Taishan
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2019 —
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Leaf litter decomposition rates vary significantly among four dominant tree species at Mount Taishan, with Robinia pseudoacacia exhibiting the fastest decomposition. This study used decomposition bags and Illumina Miseq sequencing to analyze bacterial community structure and diversity in leaf litter from R. pseudoacacia, Quercus acutissima, Pinus tabulaeformis, and Pinus densiflora over one year. Results showed that decomposition rates and chemical changes (e.g., reduced carbon and lignin content, increased nitrogen and phosphorus) influenced bacterial diversity, with broadleaf species supporting higher bacterial richness than coniferous ones. Notably, initial C/N and lignin/N ratios correlated strongly with bacterial community structure, highlighting the role of litter chemistry in shaping microbial dynamics. These findings advance understanding of how tree species identity affects forest ecosystem processes.
Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa
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2019 —
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Prolonged soil surface residence times of up to 1.5 million years in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, can lead to significant underestimation of cosmogenic nuclide-derived denudation rates and overestimation of burial ages when using standard assumptions. Researchers analyzed concentrations of 10Be and 26Al in bedrock and soil above Rising Star Cave, where Homo naledi fossils were discovered, revealing that apparent denudation rates derived from soil samples are 2-3 times lower than those from bedrock. Additionally, the 26Al/10Be ratio in soils was significantly lower than the surface production ratio, indicating complex exposure histories. These findings suggest that long near-surface residence times can distort single-nuclide (10Be) catchment-wide denudation rates and burial age estimates if pre-burial ratios are assumed based on surface production alone.
Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
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2019 —
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A study on the UNESCO-listed Honghe Hani Rice Terraces reveals that organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), though banned, persist in the environment and pose minimal risk to human consumption of loaches. Researchers found that while OCPs like DDTs and HCHs were present in water and sediment throughout the rice-loach co-culture season, they were not detected in the muscle tissue of loaches sent to market, suggesting low toxicity for consumers. The study also identified heptachlor as a significant contributor to OCP levels early in the season, potentially affecting loach survival. Sampling across three months showed a decline in total OCPs from May to October, with August and October samples clustering together, indicating environmental persistence. These findings provide critical insights for sustainable aquaculture practices and the preservation of this World Heritage Site.
Old Town of Corfu
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2019 —
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A study on the Old Town of Corfu reveals that foraminiferal propagule banks—reservoirs of small, viable foraminifera—act as dynamic species pools that can rapidly respond to environmental changes. Researchers exposed propagules from two lagoons to controlled conditions, finding distinct local propagule compositions while also detecting abundant allochthonous taxa, indicating regional dispersal. Seasonal sampling significantly influenced assemblage composition, suggesting temporal variability in propagule banks. Substrate type had no significant effect, implying that water variables like temperature or salinity play a stronger role in shaping foraminiferal communities. The experimental setups favored small, fast-growing species tolerant of high organic content, underscoring the potential of propagule banks as resilient species reservoirs and refining future applications of this method.
Papahānaumokuākea
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2019 —
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A study reveals that SCUBA bubbles significantly impact counts of roving piscivores during underwater surveys, with open-circuit (OC) equipment attracting more jacks (<em>Caranx ignobilis</em> and <em>Caranx melampygus</em>) compared to closed-circuit rebreathers (CCR). Specifically, OC surveys recorded 57% more <em>C. ignobilis</em> and 113% more <em>C. melampygus</em>, with higher initial encounter rates for some species within the first five minutes of observation. While benthic damselfish were also more abundant in OC surveys, butterflyfish counts decreased, suggesting that bubble-induced disturbances influence fish behavior. Conducted in the remote Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument—a pristine environment with minimal human interaction—this research highlights the potential bias introduced by SCUBA bubbles in ecological surveys.
Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato
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2019 —
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Grass-covered vineyard inter-rows significantly reduce runoff and soil loss compared to tilled inter-rows, especially during wetter conditions. A two-year study in the Alto Monferrato region of Piedmont, Italy, found that grass cover reduced runoff by 76% and soil loss by 83% relative to tillage, highlighting its effectiveness in mitigating erosion. The research also demonstrated that tractor traffic increases soil compaction, particularly in tilled vineyards, which negatively impacts hydrological properties such as infiltration rates and bulk density. These findings underscore the importance of limiting machine traffic to preserve soil structure and reduce erosion risks, offering practical insights for sustainable vineyard management.
Quebrada de Humahuaca
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2019 —
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A stylistic analysis of late pottery from the central-southern sector of Quebrada de Humahuaca, Argentina, reveals significant social transformations during the Late and Incaic periods. The study identifies distinct morphological and decorative attributes that reflect shifts in local identity, production practices, and ritual consumption patterns. By comparing ceramic samples from this region with those from more northern sectors, researchers established continuities and changes in form and decoration, particularly after Inca annexation. This approach highlights how material culture can express and negotiate social identities within broader networks of interaction.
Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in the Côa Valley and Siega Verde
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2019 —
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In 2018, the thirtieth anniversary of the discovery of Paleolithic rock art at Siega Verde (Serranillo, Salamanca, Spain) marked a pivotal moment in understanding Upper Paleolithic art and human settlement during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The site, recognized for its open-air equid figures, challenged prevailing views on Iberian Meseta's prehistoric populations. Its inclusion in UNESCO’s World Heritage List in 2010 underscores its global significance. This synthetic study synthesizes key findings from three decades of research, highlighting the site's unique contributions to Paleolithic art studies and its role as a reference for interpreting prehistoric societies.
Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
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2019 —
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El Camino Tierra Adentro, also known as the Silver Route, stands out as a significant rural landscape that facilitated extensive trade and cultural exchange over 300 years. This UNESCO World Heritage Site encompasses 55 sites along a 1400 km section of its original 2600 km route, stretching from Mexico City to Texas and New Mexico. The study highlights its pivotal role in transporting silver from mines in Zacatecas, Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosí, alongside mercury imported from Europe. Beyond its economic importance, the route fostered profound social, cultural, and religious connections between Spanish and Amerindian cultures, leaving a lasting legacy on the landscape.
El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City
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Historical silences in Mexican archaeology, particularly regarding the contributions of workers at UNESCO World Heritage Sites like El Tajín, are exposed through the life and work of Modesto González (c. 1890–1971), one of its first federal guards. Using Michel-Rolph Trouillot’s theoretical framework, this study reconstructs González’s narrative—his labor at El Tajín, his role in Mexican anthropology, and his beliefs about the site—based on archival and ethnographic research (2016–2017). It reveals how workers' voices have been marginalized in archaeological historiography, proposing new approaches to include their perspectives. This challenges traditional narratives that prioritize elite archaeologists, offering a more inclusive understanding of archaeological labor.
San Cristóbal de La Laguna
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2019 —
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Despite the decline of second-hand bookstores in Tenerife, Spain, due to low profitability and societal resistance to second-hand goods, the librería Tenifer in San Cristóbal de La Laguna persists as a rare example of this business model. Through interviews with its owner and employee, this study reveals that such establishments play a vital role in preserving cultural heritage and fostering sociocultural development, even in an increasingly digital society. The research highlights the economic challenges faced by these bookstores while underscoring their importance in sustaining access to literature, supporting local businesses, and promoting sustainable consumption practices.
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis
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2019 —
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A preliminary paleopathological study of human remains from the Temple of Millions of Years of Thutmosis III in Luxor reveals significant differences in skeletal stress markers between two historical periods. Individuals from the First Intermediate Period (11th Dynasty) exhibit a higher prevalence of such markers compared to those from the Late Period, suggesting distinct health or environmental conditions during these eras. The study analyzed 191 skeletons and mummies, including 154 from tombs within the temple enclosure and 37 from nearby necropolis graves, providing new insights into ancient Egyptian populations' health dynamics over time.
Nemrut Dağ
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2019 —
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Research reveals that building stones from the Elazığ-Nevşehir region, including Nemrut and Ali Dağ stones, exhibit favorable physical properties for construction, such as low thermal conductivity and high durability. These stones, renowned locally for their ease of processing and thermal characteristics, were analyzed for their mechanical strength, water absorption, and thermal performance. The study compared samples from multiple quarries to assess their suitability in energy-efficient and long-lasting structures, highlighting their potential advantages over other construction materials.
Susa
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2019 —
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A groundbreaking analysis of glass beads and vessels from the Saleh Davoud tombs in Susa, Iran, reveals significant evidence of trade during the Parthian-Elymae period. Using micro-PIXE and micro-RBS techniques, researchers determined that while most glass vessels were likely locally produced, the diversity and decoration of glass beads suggest extensive importation from other regions. The study identified specific pigments and gold gilding processes, with gold layers measuring between 10 to 30 nanometers in thickness, providing insights into ancient craftsmanship and trade networks. These findings challenge assumptions about local production and highlight the sophistication of Parthian glasswork.
Western Caucasus
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2019 —
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Alien plant species in the Western Caucasus exhibit a distinct elevational distribution, with maximum richness concentrated in lower, more climatically favorable zones where human activity is highest. Of 100 alien species studied—comprising herbaceous (59%) and arboreous (41%) plants—most originate from North America and East Asia, and 57% are cultivated. Species diversity declines with elevation, with only 17 species found above 1000 m a.s.l., primarily accidental annual herbs of North American origin. Notably, <em>Matricaria suaveolens</em> is the sole alien species recorded above the timberline (2000 m a.s.l.). The study highlights differences between southern and northern macroslopes, attributing the penetration of aliens into upper belts to human activities such as road construction and tourist infrastructure development.
Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores
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A study of embroidered vestments from the Terceira Island (Azores) challenges long-standing assumptions about their origins, revealing that these liturgical textiles were likely produced locally rather than attributed to an English origin as previously suggested. The research examines two sets of vestments—one from the Church of the College of Angra do Heroismo and another from a rural church in Ribeirinha—both featuring intricate orphreys on velvet fabric. By analyzing historical records, stylistic elements, and contextual clues, the study aims to clarify their date and place of production, as well as the process through which they were recognized and preserved as cultural heritage objects. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the presence and significance of such textiles in the Azores, bridging gaps in historical documentation.
Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces
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2019 —
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A recent study highlights the significant prevalence of Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV) in the 1300-year-old Honghe Hani rice terraces system (HHRTS), with a 20.1% infection rate observed over two years. The research identifies three genetic clusters of rice varieties—traditional indica landraces (TIL), modern hybrids (MH), and Hongyang improved modern varieties (HY)—with TIL and MH showing lower susceptibility to SRBSDV compared to HY, which exhibited a 30.2% infection rate. The study suggests that SRBSDV isolates are freely circulating within the system without preferential infection of specific genetic clusters. Given that SRBSDV can cause 30–50% yield losses in rice, the findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced disease monitoring and strategies to mitigate its impact on rice production in this UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Comoé National Park
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Between 2002 and 2014, cashew cultivation expanded dramatically around the UNESCO-listed Comoé National Park (CNP) in Côte d'Ivoire, increasing from 11,743 hectares to 29,872 hectares—a 160% rise—while forest cover declined by 76%, shrinking from 26,242 hectares to just 6,133 hectares. This rapid transformation threatens the park's conservation, as encroaching agricultural land could undermine its long-term protection if current trends persist. The study used Landsat satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques to map and analyze landscape changes in rural areas adjacent to the CNP, revealing a stark shift from natural vegetation to intensive cashew orchards. These findings highlight the urgent need for sustainable land-use planning to balance agricultural development with biodiversity conservation in this World Heritage Site.
Okavango Delta
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Tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, has created a 'tourism enclave' dominated by multinational companies and local elites, leading to increased corruption and monopolization of tourism benefits. This study uses the concept of Shadow State to analyze how such enclaves emerge and their impacts on sustainable tourism ideals. Through qualitative research, it reveals that the dominance of foreign investors and political ties has hindered inclusive growth, posing a threat to Botswana's sustainable development agenda. The findings underscore the need for more equitable tourism practices to align with global sustainability goals.
Dougga / Thugga
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A recurring onomastic root in Gaulish naming, *leikw-, meaning 'to leave or abandon,' has been identified through inscriptions from North Africa. This root forms themes like Lipo-, Lepont-, and Laepo- in names such as Maculipus (from Mactar) and Maportulip(us) (from Dougga), suggesting they refer to abandoned children, likely exposed infants. The study proposes these names were given by Gaulish-speaking communities, possibly demobilized soldiers settled in the region, linking them to ancient practices of child exposure.
Maritime Greenwich
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Yinka Shonibare’s <em>Nelson’s Ship in a Bottle</em> temporarily disrupted the colonial narrative of Trafalgar Square by inserting a Black diasporic perspective into public space. The installation, featuring sails made from African textiles and displayed on the Fourth Plinth (2010–2012), challenged Britain’s normative historical representation. Later moved to the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, it serves as a permanent postcolonial dialogue. This study analyzes Shonibare’s work through its transnational identity references, linking 19th-century diasporic emergence to contemporary negotiations of space and power.
Cologne Cathedral
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Two intraplate earthquakes of equal magnitude (ML 4.3) occurring in the northern Rhine area, Germany, in 2011, revealed distinct seismic behavior despite their proximity and similar size. Analysis of ground-motion parameters—such as peak ground acceleration and response amplitude—from stations with identical epicentral distances showed differing decay rates between the Rhenish shield and Lower Rhine embayment sources. Records from four stations in Cologne Cathedral further illustrated variations in structural response, highlighting the influence of local geology on seismic effects. This study leveraged unique datasets from 40 stations, including strong-motion free-field sensors, to derive site-effect-independent distance relations, providing critical insights for earthquake engineering and hazard assessment.
Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena
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2019 —
WHE8B70516039
A novel approach using 3D virtual models and augmented reality (AR) significantly enhances the visualization, analysis, and accessibility of Roman artefacts, addressing spatial constraints, preservation challenges, and logistical barriers. This method allows for detailed examination of large or fragmented artefacts, such as a partially preserved Roman floor mosaic and funerary lion sculptures from Modena, Italy, by overcoming limitations in museum space and artefact condition. The AR application, accessible via standard mobile devices using free and open-source software, was positively received by both experts and visitors during testing inside and outside museums. This study demonstrates the potential of digital tools to democratize cultural heritage fruition, enabling engaging, customized experiences that transcend traditional museum settings.
Volcanoes of Kamchatka
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2019 —
WHED89078C4E2
Researchers have discovered approximately 700 diamond crystals within volcanic rocks, primarily pyroclastic, from the Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. These diamonds exhibit cube-octahedral shapes and remarkably homogeneous internal structures. The study employed advanced techniques such as SIMS, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, along with electron energy loss spectroscopy and electron diffraction to analyze these crystals. Two distinct groups of impurity elements were identified: nitrogen (N) and hydrogen (H), which are uniformly distributed, and other elements like chlorine (Cl), fluorine (F), oxygen (O), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K), which form local concentrations indicating the presence of inclusions. Mineral inclusions within these diamonds, ranging from 70 to 450 nm in size, are primarily Mn-Ni alloys and silicides, with varying stoichiometries and compositions. These inclusions also contain nanometer-sized bubbles with fluid or gas phases, including fluorine and oxygen. Carbon isotopic compositions range from –21 to –29‰ δ13CVPDB, while nitrogen isotopic compositions vary from –2.32 to –2.58‰ δ15NAir. The geological, geochemical, and mineralogical data strongly support the natural origin of these diamonds, formed from volcanic gases during an explosive eruption phase.
Hiraizumi – Temples, Gardens and Archaeological Sites Representing the Buddhist Pure Land
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2019 —
WHE6A7397B6A6
Nathan Hopson's book 'Ennobling Japan’s Savage Northeast: Tōhoku as Postwar Thought, 1945–2011' provides a detailed historiographical analysis of the postwar discursive construction of Tōhoku, revealing its evolution from an 'empty signifier' in Japanese national narratives to a symbol rich with new meanings. The study identifies two key periods: pre-1980s, where Hiraizumi's archaeological significance was central to ennobling Tōhoku as the 'ennobled savage,' and post-1980s, marked by nostalgia-driven 'Tōhokugaku' or Tohokuology. Hopson critically examines Japanese historians' works, including those of Takahashi Tomio, Umehara Takeshi, and Akasaka Norio, to trace how Tōhoku was reimagined within Japan's historical arc, culminating in its abrupt transformation post-3/11 disaster. The research employs a multidisciplinary approach, synthesizing historiography, regionalism studies, and intellectual history to offer insights into postwar Japan's national identity, race discourses, and regionalism.
City of Valletta
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2019 —
WHE711D793916
Augmented Reality (AR) significantly enhances tourist engagement and learning experiences, particularly when integrated into location-based treasure hunt games. A study conducted in Valletta, a UNESCO World Heritage site and 2018 European Capital of Culture, demonstrated that AR effectively enriches cultural tourism by combining navigation tools with gamified elements. The research found that such an approach not only provides deeper city information but also fosters interest more effectively than traditional tours. Using a mixed-methods design, the study analyzed game logs, pre-post test interviews, observations, and surveys to triangulate findings. Key to success was the 'learning through fun' strategy, which leveraged GPS navigation to create a competitive yet educational experience.
