Publications
Walking Routes as a Tool for the Enhancement of Inner Areas Evidence from Campania
Walking tourism emerges as a transformative tool for the regeneration and enhancement of marginal territories, particularly in remote inner areas with rich but undercommunicated cultural and natural heritage. A case study of the San Nilo walk in Campania's Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park demonstrates how this slow and sustainable practice can revitalize fragile regions by fostering connectivity between heritage sites like Paestum and Velia, while promoting ecological and economic resilience. The research highlights the potential for walking routes to bridge gaps in tourism development, offering a model for integrating dispersed cultural and natural assets into cohesive, visitor-friendly experiences.
Where the wolf roams: ecological preferences and wild prey association in a changing Mediterranean landscape
A recent study reveals significant shifts in wolf (Canis lupus) ecological dynamics within the Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni National Park, Southern Italy. Over the past five decades, the park has witnessed a dramatic recovery of wolf populations—surge from fewer than 10 to over 200 individuals—coinciding with substantial increases in wild prey, particularly wild boar, roe deer, and red deer, following reintroduction efforts. The research highlights how changes in forest cover, the establishment of protected areas, and rising ungulate populations have reshaped predator-prey relationships in Mediterranean ecosystems. This study provides critical insights for future conservation strategies, balancing large carnivore protection with sustainable forest management and human-wildlife coexistence.
A Symbol of Immortality: Evidence of Honey in Bronze Jars Found in a Paestum Shrine Dating to 530–510 BCE
A groundbreaking analysis of 2500-year-old residues from bronze jars found in Paestum's underground shrine reveals the presence of honey or honeycombs, contradicting earlier findings that excluded it. Using advanced biomolecular techniques, researchers detected lipids, saccharide decomposition products, hexose sugars, and major royal jelly proteins, providing robust evidence for bee products. This study underscores the significance of re-evaluating museum collections with cutting-edge methods to uncover hidden historical insights. The findings not only enrich our understanding of ancient practices but also offer a refined approach for identifying bee-derived substances in archaeological contexts.
Il casino del Chiatamone come crocevia della “riscoperta” di Paestum
A lesser-known chapter in the history of Paestum emerges from this study, highlighting the pivotal role of General Don Felice Gazzola's royal casino, Chiatamone, as a hub for the 'rediscovery' of the ancient site. The research reconstructs this period through the accounts of foreign travelers, notably French pensionnaire Pierre-Louis Moreau-Desproux, revealing how Gazzola used the casino not as a residence but as a strategic space to promote and display reliefs from Posidonian antiquities. These artifacts, commissioned by Gazzola, formed the visual foundation for an ambitious yet unpublished publishing project, later partially realized by Paolo Antonio Paoli. The study sheds light on the intersection of masonic influence, royal patronage, and archaeological rediscovery in 18th-century Paestum.
Local Communities and the Management of Rural and Natural Resources in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park
A new study identifies key policies, strategies, and tools to enhance the environmental and socio-economic balance of Campania's inland protected areas, with a focus on the Cilento, Vallo di Diano, and Alburni National Park. The research proposes sustainable development scenarios that leverage local communities' potential while conserving rural landscapes and biodiversity. By analyzing territories using territorial methods, engaging local stakeholders, applying adapted SWOT tools, and examining best practices, the study aims to support planning bodies in managing protected natural areas effectively. Notably, it highlights the role of Bio-Districts in promoting sustainable supply chains, such as agro-livestock, fish, and forestry, while advancing initiatives like the Mediterranean Diet to improve raw material quality and environmental conservation.
The Role of Stone Materials, Environmental Factors, and Management Practices in Vascular Plant-Induced Deterioration: Case Studies from Pompeii, Herculaneum, Paestum, and Velia Archaeological Parks (Italy)
Vascular plant-induced biodeterioration significantly varies across Italian archaeological sites, with substrate type playing a crucial role in determining the hazard index (HI) while exposure has minimal impact. The study identified 117 species across Pompeii, Herculaneum, Paestum, and Velia, revealing distinct ecological patterns: Pompeii's urban setting fosters cosmopolitan and widely distributed taxa due to high anthropogenic disturbance, whereas Paestum and Herculaneum exhibit dominance of Mediterranean species under more stable conditions. These findings underscore the need for site-specific conservation strategies that account for substrate properties, vegetation impact, and human activity to mitigate biodeterioration risks effectively.
A Comparison of Landforms and Processes Detection Using Multisource Remote Sensing Data: The Case Study of the Palinuro Pine Grove (Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park, Southern Italy)
Higher-resolution LiDAR datasets enable the detection of more geomorphological features and processes at finer scales than photogrammetric Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), but they also introduce greater noise due to natural or anthropogenic disturbances. This study compared grid-based methods for landform extraction using a regional-scale photogrammetric DTM, an airborne LiDAR dataset from a decade ago, and a UAV-acquired LiDAR dataset. Findings demonstrate that while LiDAR provides more detailed geomorphological mapping—useful for natural hazard assessment—its higher resolution increases the risk of noise, complicating accurate feature recognition. The research underscores the trade-offs between detail and data quality in remote sensing applications for geo-hydrological hazard studies.
Dynamic monitoring of the Temple of Neptune in Paestum (Italy) - Preliminary results
An innovative seismometric monitoring system installed at the Temple of Neptune in Paestum, Italy, demonstrates high accuracy and stability in assessing the structure's static and dynamic response. Preliminary results reveal correlations between the temple’s daily behavior and weather changes, such as temperature fluctuations. Developed collaboratively by the University of Salerno and the Archaeological Park of Paestum and Velia (PAEVE), this system combines mechanical and electronic components to enable proactive maintenance strategies. The findings underscore the potential of advanced monitoring technologies to enhance preservation efforts for UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
High Resolution Mapping of Vegetation Biodiversity by Hyperspectral Images and Convolutional Autoencoders
A novel methodology leveraging hyperspectral imaging and convolutional autoencoders successfully maps vegetation biodiversity with high resolution, advancing the assessment of forest diversity using Earth Observation (EO) data. The approach, based on spectral variation (SV), utilizes PRISMA mission data to compute NDVI and identify vegetation-covered pixels, which are then clustered to produce detailed biodiversity maps. Applied to five Southern Italian national parks—including Cilento and Vallo di Diano—the study demonstrates the potential of this technique for large-scale ecological monitoring. This method offers a scalable solution for biodiversity assessment, combining high spectral resolution with advanced machine learning to enhance conservation efforts.
Preliminary design of a vibration monitoring system to be installed in an archaeological heritage structure: The case of the Hera temple (Paestum, S Italy)
A novel approach to integrating digital and physical monitoring systems, termed a 'phygital' system, is proposed for the preservation of cultural heritage sites. This method combines structural digital models with real-time vibration sensors to assess and protect the integrity of complex archaeological assets. The study focuses on the Hera temple in Paestum, Italy to demonstrate how such systems can optimize preventive archaeology efforts. By identifying key metrological parameters—including sensor types, technical specifications, and optimal placement—the research provides a framework for designing effective vibration monitoring configurations tailored to specific heritage structures.
Rome and the Plain of Paestum
A detailed analysis of the Roman conquest of Campania reveals that the coastal strip of the Gulf of Salerno, including areas around Paestum and Velia, was densely populated with Greek and Etruscan towns that maintained their urban structures even after being conquered by the Lucanians or Samnites in the late fifth century BCE. These towns featured well-preserved defensive walls, residential zones, public spaces, and places of worship, providing significant insights into the urban planning and architectural practices of the region during this transitional period. The study employs a combination of archaeological evidence, historical records, and spatial analysis to reconstruct the urban landscape and its evolution under successive conquests.
An Appraisal of the Oleocanthal-Rich Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO) and Its Potential Anticancer and Neuroprotective Properties
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), particularly oleocanthal-rich varieties, exhibits strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to its potential anticancer and neuroprotective effects. This narrative review synthesizes preclinical evidence supporting these benefits, emphasizing the need for standardized labeling of polyphenol concentrations in EVOO to reflect its health-promoting qualities. The study also highlights the authors' experience with producing a certified organic EVOO under the 'Protected Designation of Origin' (PDO) from olives cultivated within the UNESCO-listed Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, Italy, underscoring the region's significance in both culinary tradition and scientific research.
Animal Husbandry in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: An Economic-Structural Analysis for the Protection and Enhancement of the Territory and Local Resources
A recent study highlights the critical role of livestock farming in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park, particularly in protecting local biodiversity and supporting rural economies. The research reveals that small-scale farms—mostly family-operated with fewer than 20 animals—dominate the region, accounting for 4% of Campania's cattle and sheep herds and 7% of goat herds. However, these farms face challenges, including a decline in numbers since 2010 and a lack of milk production specialization, which threatens the survival of local genetic resources. Despite outdated practices, farmers contribute significantly to territorial conservation and could drive economic diversification through experiential rural tourism, provided institutional support is strengthened.
Diversity, distribution, habitat preferences and community assemblages of Amphibians and Reptiles in the “Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni” National Park (Campania, Southern Italy)
The Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni (CVDA) National Park in southern Italy serves as an effective protected area for amphibians and reptiles, maintaining good conservation status even for species experiencing population declines nationwide. A comprehensive analysis of 2465 records—sourced from fieldwork, citizen science, and literature—revealed that the park supports diverse herpetofauna with distinct habitat preferences. While findings align largely with known ecological data for Italy, some species exhibited unique, understudied behaviors. Researchers quantified species rarity by assessing geographic range, population abundance, and habitat breadth, while also evaluating how environmental conditions influence species distribution across habitats and elevations. This study significantly advances the understanding of herpetofauna in protected areas, providing critical insights for conservation strategies.
Evaluation of the Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Livestock Farms in Inland Areas
A recent study reveals that livestock farms within the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park (Southern Italy) rely heavily on public subsidies for survival, often constituting over 75% of total output. The research evaluated economic and environmental sustainability across three grazing systems: sheep/goat-only, cattle-only, and mixed cattle/sheep/goat farms. While cattle farming showed lower environmental sustainability due to higher methane emissions from enteric fermentation, all systems provide significant ecosystem services that should be enhanced to incentivize farmers in marginal inland areas. The study used gross profit, net income, milk transformation value, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to assess economic viability and environmental impact per farm and adult bovine unit.
From Unesco site to a comprehensive cultural landscape. The urban plan of Padula (South Italy)
A strategic urban plan for Padula, Italy, redefines the relationship between its UNESCO-listed Certosa di Padula and other underrepresented historical, cultural, and natural sites. The proposal integrates these elements into a cohesive cultural landscape, ensuring urban development preserves authenticity while enhancing connectivity. Developed by an interdisciplinary team, the approach leverages geographical and cultural identity to balance heritage protection with progressive growth, offering a model for sustainable urban planning in UNESCO World Heritage contexts.
Lavandula austroapennina: Assessment of the Antiviral Activity of Lipophilic Extracts from Its Organs
A study on the endemic plant Lavandula austroapennina from Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park reveals that its lipophilic extracts, particularly from the stem, exhibit potent antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), human coronavirus HCoV-229E, and poliovirus type 1 (PV-1). Using ultra-high-performance chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqTOF-MS/MS), researchers analyzed the chemical composition of extracts from different plant organs, identifying variations in fatty acids, ursanes, and oleanane-type triterpenes. Notably, the stem extract demonstrated complete inhibition of viruses at low doses without cytotoxic effects on Vero CCL-81 cells, suggesting direct interference with viral envelopes. This discovery highlights the potential of L. austroapennina as a valuable resource for antiviral therapies, underscoring the importance of preserving and studying medicinal plant heritage in UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
Spontaneous Officinal Plants in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park: Tradition, Protection, Enhancement, and Recovery
Spontaneous officinal plants in the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park hold significant potential for local economic development through their traditional medicinal uses and novel applications. The study reveals that these plants can serve as effective sources of anti-germination agents, with aqueous extracts demonstrating promise for weed control in agriculture. Additionally, historical evidence from the territory of Sanza on Monte Cervati highlights past industrial activity, particularly lavender essential oil distillation, which could further enhance territorial resources. Biometric surveys and biomass evaluations were conducted to assess productive potential, while chemical-physical analyses characterized hydrolates recovered via steam distillation. Ethnobotanical data underscored diverse traditional uses in medicine, nutrition, rituals, and religion, suggesting a multifaceted approach to recovery and enhancement of the park's heritage.
Il restauro del culto certosino nell’epoca della Controriforma. La Chiesa delle Donne nella domus inferior delle certose campane tra rilievo e conoscenza
A significant discovery regarding the restoration of Cistercian worship during the Counter-Reformation emerges from this study, focusing on the Church of Women within the lower domestic quarters (domus inferior) of Campanian charters. The research reveals how architectural and religious practices evolved in response to the Counter-Reformation's emphasis on female monasticism, providing new insights into the spatial organization and symbolic significance of these spaces. Conducted as part of a master's thesis at the University of Naples Federico II, the study employed detailed architectural surveys and historical analysis to reconstruct the liturgical and social dynamics of the Certosa di San Lorenzo di Padula. The findings underscore the importance of integrating archival research with spatial documentation to understand the complex interplay between religious reform and architectural adaptation.
3D Surveying, Semantic Enrichment and Virtual Access of Large Cultural Heritage
A groundbreaking framework leveraging Artificial Intelligence (AI) for 3D point cloud classification has been developed, significantly advancing the digital preservation and analysis of large-scale cultural heritage sites. This end-to-end approach integrates semantic enrichment with immersive Mixed Reality (MR) experiences, enabling unprecedented access to complex heritage environments. The study demonstrates its application across three distinct scenarios: the Temple of Neptune in Paestum, the Milan Cathedral, and Bologna’s porticoes, showcasing the potential for enhanced education, maintenance, and public engagement through Microsoft HoloLens 2 technology. The findings underscore AI's transformative role in cultural heritage conservation, bridging gaps between physical and virtual exploration while ensuring scalability and reliability.
Evaluating Habitat Use and Detection Probability of the European Wildcat (Felis Silvestris): A Camera Trapping Study in Southern Italy
A camera trapping study in the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park (Southern Italy) revealed that the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) strongly prefers forested habitats, even within shrub-dominated landscapes. Researchers found that wildcats were 2.7 times more likely to use sites with higher forest cover, contradicting some earlier studies and underscoring the importance of preserving residual forests for their conservation. The study also demonstrated that using scent lures significantly increased detection probability (from 8.4% to much higher levels), improving survey efficiency and reducing uncertainty in habitat use estimates. Conducted between 2008-2010, this work provides critical insights into the species' distribution and ecological needs in Mediterranean regions.
Forest stand structure and coarse woody debris determine the biodiversity of beetle communities in Mediterranean mountain beech forests
Beetle biodiversity in Mediterranean mountain beech forests is significantly influenced by forest stand structure and the abundance of coarse woody debris (CWD), according to a study conducted in two protected areas: Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park (GSML) and Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni National Park (CVDA). The research found that biodiversity indices for saproxylic and non-saproxylic beetle communities were positively correlated with CWD volume, fungal infections, clefts in the sapwood, and woodpecker cavities in GSML. In CVDA, beetle abundance was linked to basal area and crown broken microhabitats. The study employed standard measurements of forest structural traits, quantitative assessments of tree microhabitats and deadwood, and beetle collections using window flight traps and emergence traps. These findings underscore the importance of structural diversity and CWD in conserving beetle biodiversity, suggesting that increasing these elements could enhance conservation efforts in protected Mediterranean beech forests.
Functional Diversity of Soil Microbial Community after Conversion of a Chestnut Forest to an Agricultural System
A study conducted in the UNESCO-listed Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park revealed that converting a chestnut forest to agricultural land for bean cultivation led to a decline in soil microbial activity, primarily due to reduced organic matter content. Despite this, no significant changes were observed in substrate utilization patterns over time. Researchers used two complementary methods—Degens' catabolic response profile and Biolog community-level physiological profiling—to assess functional diversity. The former was more effective at distinguishing between forest and agricultural soils, while the latter captured seasonal variability. These findings underscore the sensitivity of soil microbial communities to land-use changes and highlight the importance of monitoring such transitions in protected areas.
Phytochemical Characterization of Olea europaea L. Cultivars of Cilento National Park (South Italy) through NMR-Based Metabolomics
A metabolomics-based study identified five olive cultivars—Racioppella, Guglia, Pizzulella, Oliva amara, and Racioppa—as particularly rich in health-promoting phenolic compounds within the Cilento National Park. The research used NMR spectroscopy to analyze 19 autochthonous cultivars, revealing significant variability in their phytochemical profiles. This suggests potential for metabolic fingerprinting as a tool for cultivar differentiation, though further studies are needed to assess environmental influences on these chemical traits.
Prigionieri di guerra ungheresi a Padula durante la prima guerra mondiale
During World War I, the Certosa di Padula in Italy served as one of the largest POW camps, primarily known for its role in forming the Czechoslovak Legion. However, the experiences of Hungarian prisoners—who constituted thousands of detainees—remained largely overlooked until now. This study sheds light on their lives by analyzing letters and memoirs to explore four key aspects: religion, health, grievances, and labor conditions. It also provides a comprehensive list of Hungarian prisoners, filling a significant gap in historical records. The research reveals the harsh realities faced by these detainees while contributing to a broader understanding of their role in the camp's operations.
The Mound at the Temple of Athena at Paestum: The first five Steps in the Research Design
Research at the Temple of Athena in Paestum, Italy, has uncovered significant insights into the large artificial mound at the site, offering new perspectives on its construction and purpose. The study, conducted over five field seasons from 2017 to 2019, employed a multi-phase approach combining ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys, hand-made cores, and machine-made deep cores, followed by targeted excavations. These methods revealed the mound's complex structure and its integration into the broader landscape of Paestum, contributing to a deeper understanding of ancient urban planning and architectural practices in the region.
Understanding early auloi: Instruments from Paestum, Pydna and elsewhere
Research on early auloi, ancient double-reed instruments from Paestum and Pydna, reveals a rudimentary tetrachordal structure with equally divided tetrachords, offering new insights into the development of ancient musical theory. The study used iconographic and literary evidence alongside well-tested software to assess probable pitches and intervals, confirming the existence of longer double reeds than those known from later periods. Harmonic analysis suggests these instruments may have adhered to an early pitch standard, possibly coinciding with the typical cithara octave, while critical evaluation of literary sources cautiously interprets them as 'Lydian' instruments.
ArkaeVision VR Game: User Experience Research between Real and Virtual Paestum
A virtual reality (VR) application, ArkaeVision, demonstrates significant potential to enhance the learning experience and emotional engagement of visitors exploring the ancient temple of Hera II at Paestum. The study found that immersive VR reconstructions, combined with expert-curated storytelling, effectively recreate the historical context of cultural artifacts, fostering a deeper sense of the past and increasing user interest in exploration. Two evaluation sessions assessed the effectiveness of the immersive experience, usability of the HTC Vive device, and learnability of the digital narrative. Positive feedback highlighted the realism of reconstructions, atmospheric immersion, and emotional engagement as key factors contributing to the success of the VR application. This research underscores the value of VR technology in cultural heritage education, offering a novel approach to historical learning.
Biomechanical plausibility of the lucanian fresco tomb proto-gladiators paintings of Paestum: a pilot study
A pilot study challenges the biomechanical plausibility of combat scenes depicted in Lucanian fresco tombs at Paestum, Italy. Researchers used experimental approaches to assess whether the postures and gestures shown in the 4th-century BCE paintings could realistically represent gladiatorial combat. The findings suggest that some depicted positions may be anatomically implausible, highlighting discrepancies between artistic representation and actual biomechanical constraints. This study underscores the value of biomechanical analysis in historical research, offering a new lens to evaluate ancient visual narratives.
Conservation and virtual reconstruction of the Lucanian Paintings from the National Archaeological Museum of Paestum (ITALY)
A groundbreaking virtual reconstruction of a Lucanian painted tomb from the 4th century BC, housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Paestum, reveals lost artistic details and techniques. The study combines pigment analysis, execution technique examination, and iconographic comparisons with other works to reconstruct the tomb's original appearance. Using multi-level modeling—including colored backgrounds, decorative elements, and figurative components—the research ensures authenticity while restoring visual fidelity. A video documenting the restoration process, from cleaning to virtual reintegration, was presented at the RECH5 conference, offering insights into Lucanian funerary art. This approach sets a new standard for conserving and interpreting disassembled archaeological artifacts.
El sistema de relaciones territoriales entre las fortificaciones del Cilento interior. Una propuesta de estudio a través de SIG
A complex network of fortifications, including castles and towers, has been identified within the Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, revealing a structured system for territorial control that evolved from early medieval settlements to later Norman and Angevin-Aragonese periods. This study proposes a GIS-based approach to map these relationships, analyzing their geometries and spatial connections with historical maps and relief data. By focusing on the Ancient Cilento region, the research aims to reconstruct the foundational layout of the landscape, providing tools for systematic data collection and future documentation of fortifications across different historical phases.
Long-established and new active biomonitors jointly reveal potentially toxic element gradients across spatial scales in freshwater ecosystems
A novel biomonitoring approach using the macrophytic alga Chara gymnophylla alongside the established aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica reveals similar spatial gradients of 19 potentially toxic elements across two major rivers in Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park. The study demonstrates that both species exhibit comparable element accumulation patterns, within-site variability, and spatial connectivity, validating Chara gymnophylla as a reliable active biomonitor for freshwater ecosystems. This dual-species approach provides clear contamination scenarios, pinpointing potential sources of pollution while addressing current limitations in environmental monitoring techniques.
Non-invasive characterization of the pigment’s palette used on the painted tomb slabs at Paestum archaeological site
A groundbreaking interdisciplinary archaeometric study has uncovered distinctive markers of a local artisanal tradition in the Greek colony of Paestum, dating back to 500-475 BC. By employing non-invasive analytical techniques such as IRR, UV fluorescence, VIL, FORS, ER-FTIR, Raman, and XRF, researchers examined pigments from frescoed tomb slabs across multiple necropolises, including the renowned Tomb of the Diver. The findings highlight unique executive techniques and provide insights into the artistic practices of this ancient colony, contributing significantly to our understanding of its cultural heritage.
The Discovery of a Buried Temple in Paestum: The Advantages of the Geophysical Multi-Sensor Application
A buried temple has been discovered at Paestum, one of Italy's most significant archaeological sites, using advanced geophysical multi-sensor techniques. The discovery, confirmed through combined geomagnetic and ground-penetrating radar surveys, sheds new light on the architectural history of the Magna Graecia period. Located near the Western City Walls and Porta Marina gate, the temple's structure was identified with high accuracy, offering unprecedented insights into the site's past. This finding is considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in Italy this century.
The Tomb of the Diver and the frescoed tombs in Paestum (southern Italy): New insights from a comparative archaeometric study
A comparative archaeometric study reveals that the Tomb of the Diver, a renowned artwork from Paestum (southern Italy), is not of Etruscan or Greek origin but instead represents an early expression of local elite culture in the region. The research employed non-destructive and destructive techniques to analyze pigments, mortars, and artistic execution methods across multiple frescoed tombs and temple decorations spanning two centuries. Findings indicate subtle technological shifts over time, providing key markers that cluster contemporary artistic productions. This study sheds new light on the Tomb of the Diver's historical context, resolving long-standing debates about its cultural attribution.
3d Surveying and modelling of the Archaeological Area of Paestum, Italy
Advanced 3D surveying techniques, including photogrammetry and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), have successfully generated high-resolution digital models, orthoimages, maps, and geometric representations of Paestum's archaeological area. This interdisciplinary approach, applied to one of Italy's most significant UNESCO-listed sites, provides unprecedented tools for studying the Greek and Roman ruins, including three iconic Doric temples. The integration of these methods enhances archaeological documentation, architectural analysis, and public communication, offering valuable insights into the preservation and interpretation of this historic landscape.
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