World Heritage Research: Browse Publications: Page 489

A Molecular Clone and Culture Inventory of the Root Fungal Community Associated with Eastern Hemlock in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHE233AF85DA8

A comprehensive inventory of root fungal communities associated with Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park revealed 124 fungal taxa across 23 genera, with Meliniomyces variabilis and Russula granulata being the most dominant. The study, conducted using molecular cloning and cultural methods, sampled roots from 40 trees at two elevations and age classes, identifying key species such as Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride in fungal isolates. Surprisingly, species richness, diversity, and evenness were consistent across different elevations and stand ages, providing a baseline for understanding ecological changes post-HWA damage and supporting future reforestation efforts.

A Monetary and Political History of the Phoenician City of Byblos in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C.E.

Byblos — 2014 — WHE873F94182F

Phoenician coins from the Persian period, particularly those from Byblos (modern Jbeil, Lebanon), offer unprecedented insights into the political and economic history of the region, challenging long-held assumptions derived from Greek sources. A comprehensive catalog of 1,662 silver Byblian coins, analyzed through numismatic techniques including monetary inscriptions, iconography, and manufacturing processes, reveals details about coin circulation, trade exchanges, and conflicts involving Greeks, Cypriots, and Egyptians in the eastern Mediterranean. The study by Alain and Josette Elayi, spanning four stages of research—economy under Persian rule, hoard analysis, weight investigation, and monetary/political history—provides a Semitic-language perspective, correcting biases from Greek historical accounts.

A multi-range approach for Cultural Heritage survey: a case study in Mantua Unesco site

Mantua and Sabbioneta — 2014 — WHED8481E10DC

A multi-range approach for cultural heritage survey demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating diverse acquisition technologies—including aerial photogrammetry, UAV-based photogrammetry, laser scanning, and traditional topography—in documenting UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This method enables the creation of a 3D multiscale database, capturing architectural-urban details down to fine-scale features (1:50–1:20 scale). Applied in Mantua’s Palazzo Te gardens, the approach revealed historical modifications and provided graphical documentation for potential future redesigns. Comparative analysis of point cloud models confirmed the efficiency of this integrated methodology, offering a robust framework for studying and preserving cultural heritage.

A new Andean lizard of the genus Potamites (Sauria, Gymnophthalmidae) from Manu National Park, southeastern Peru

Manú National Park — 2014 — WHE85B1CC11FE

Researchers have identified a new species of lizard belonging to the genus Potamites in the montane forests of Manu National Park, Peru. This discovery, described from elevations between 1000 and 2100 meters, distinguishes itself through unique morphological traits such as scattered keeled scales on its dorsum, an undivided frontonasal bone, and the absence of femoral pores in females. The study highlights the biodiversity richness of the Cordillera de Paucartambo and upper Kosñipata valley regions, contributing to our understanding of Andean lizard diversity within UNESCO-listed Manu National Park.

A New Approach for Documentation, Conservation and Preservation of the Monolithic Statues in San Agustín as Pilot for Outdoor Cultural Heritage Documentation in Colombia

San Agustín Archaeological Park — 2014 — WHE6C278A5EBA

A new approach integrating advanced technologies, particularly 3D modeling, has been successfully applied to document, conserve, and preserve the monolithic statues at San Agustín Archaeological Park in Colombia. The study, conducted by the Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia (ICANH), utilized infrared structured-light (SL) and phase shift (PS) laser scanning technologies to create detailed 3D models of 66 sculptures. While the initial phase identified areas for improvement, such as increasing mesh detail for more precise conservation efforts, it established a robust methodology that can serve as a pilot model for other heritage sites in Colombia. The findings highlight the potential and challenges of using these technologies for outdoor cultural heritage documentation, offering valuable insights for future preservation projects.

A New Calotes Species from Sri Lanka with a Redescription of Calotes liolepis Boulenger, 1885

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka — 2014 — WHE37EEFCEFF8

Researchers have identified a new species of agamid lizard, Calotes manamendrai, endemic to the Knuckles massif in Sri Lanka's central highlands. This discovery, based on morphological evidence, highlights the unique biodiversity of UNESCO World Heritage Sites like the Central Highlands of Sri Lanka. The new species closely resembles Calotes liolepis but can be distinguished by several key features, including nonenlarged pectoral scales, keeled dorsal scales, and distinct color patterns. Additionally, the study provides a comprehensive redescription of Calotes liolepis, contributing to a better understanding of Sri Lanka's agamid lizard diversity.

A new Gis-based map of villa Adriana, a multimedia guide for ancient paths

Villa Adriana (Tivoli) — 2014 — WHEA180B6EA35

Researchers from the University of Roma Tre have developed a comprehensive GIS-based map and multimedia guide for Villa Adriana, revealing the villa's original layout and ancient pathways. This innovative approach integrates georeferenced plans, 3D reconstructions, photogrammetry, and augmented reality to provide real-time information about the villa's structure, functions, and historical users. The study combines extensive surveys, including orthophotos and recent excavations, with a detailed database that maps original functions, paving, user paths, and underground tunnels. A mobile app serves as an interactive guide, offering insights into Villa Adriana's past through 3D models and historical data, enhancing cultural heritage evaluation and public engagement.

A New Noncalcified Thallophytic Alga from the Lower Silurian of Anticosti Island, Eastern Canada

Anticosti — 2014 — WHED2DDEA5F2D

A newly discovered noncalcified thallophytic alga, Menieria minuta, from the Lower Silurian of Anticosti Island, provides rare fossil evidence of soft algal meadows that may have been widespread in Early Paleozoic deepwater subtidal environments. This delicate alga, characterized by a central axis with lateral branches and helically arranged appendages, formed significant biomass alongside brachiopods, suggesting parallels to modern sea grass meadows. The discovery sheds light on the ecological dynamics of photic-zone paleocommunities during this geological period.

A new species in theRhyacophila vagritagroup (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) from Olympic National Park, Washington, USA

Olympic National Park — 2014 — WHE38467634D6

Researchers have identified and described Rhyacophila bifurcata, a new species of caddisfly within the R. vagrita group, discovered in Olympic National Park, Washington. This discovery contributes to the understanding of biodiversity in UNESCO World Heritage Sites by distinguishing it from its closest relative, R. milnei. The study provides a detailed diagnosis and comparative analysis of morphological traits, focusing on male specimens. By examining samples collected from the park, the research highlights the importance of thorough taxonomic studies in uncovering hidden species diversity within protected natural areas.

A new species of Dystacta Saussure, 1871 from Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda (Insecta, Mantodea, Dystactinae)

Nyungwe National Park — 2014 — WHEC0D8D8DDB2

A new species of praying mantis, Dystacta tigrifrutex, has been discovered in Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda. This finding expands the known biodiversity of the region and provides insights into the morphological diversity within the genus Dystacta. The discovery was made through a targeted entomological survey conducted in 2013, which yielded two conspecific specimens—a male and female—along with first-instar nymphs and an ootheca (egg case). Researchers also re-described the previously monotypic genus Dystacta to broaden its definition. The study includes detailed morphological descriptions, measurement data, a key for species identification, natural history information, and locality data, contributing valuable resources for taxonomic studies and biodiversity documentation in Rwanda.

A New Species of Freshwater Eel-tailed Catfish of the GenusTandanus(Teleostei: Plotosidae) from the Wet Tropics Region of Eastern Australia

Wet Tropics of Queensland — 2014 — WHEDDB2A72453

Researchers have identified a new species of freshwater eel-tailed catfish, Tandanus tropicanus, from the Wet Tropics region of northeast Queensland. This discovery brings the total recognized species in the genus Tandanus to three, distinct from the previously known T. tandanus (eastern Australia) and T. bostocki (Western Australia). The new species is distinguished by a combination of meristic and morphometric traits, further supported by genetic analyses that confirm its taxonomic distinctness. The study employed a comprehensive approach, integrating morphological examination with genetic data to validate the discovery.

A new species of the genus Calotes (Squamata: Agamidae) from high elevations of the Knuckles Massif of Sri Lanka

Central Highlands of Sri Lanka — 2014 — WHE606207A99D

Researchers have identified a new species of agamid lizard, belonging to the genus Calotes, from the high elevations of Sri Lanka's Knuckles Massif. This discovery, based on morphological evidence, contributes to the understanding of endemic biodiversity in the region. The new species diverges significantly from its closest relative, C. liocephalus, due to distinct morphological traits such as the absence of a gular pouch in males, differences in scale size and structure, and variations in subcaudal scales. Additionally, the study redescribes C. liocephalus and provides a key for identifying Sri Lankan species within this genus. The findings highlight the unique evolutionary radiation of agamid lizards in Sri Lanka's central highlands, with five out of seven species appearing to be endemic.

A new species of the genus Chamaecrista (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) from Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks — 2014 — WHEC31D7581F7

Researchers have identified and described a new species of the genus Chamaecrista, named Chamaecrista frondosa, from the Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park in Brazil. This discovery contributes to the understanding of biodiversity within the Cerrado Protected Areas, specifically highlighting its restriction to Cerrado sensu stricto and rocky fields. The species is morphologically similar to C. psoraleopsis but distinct due to unique traits such as caespitose, subshrubby habit, glandular trichomes on young branches and inflorescence axis, resin-dotted leaflets, and flowers with 10 fertile stamens. A key to the species of Chamaecrista sect. Absus series Microphyllae in the region is also provided, aiding future taxonomic studies. The study underscores the notable endemism and ecological significance of this area within UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

A New Take on the Field Trip: A Low-Tech, Inquiry-Based Virtual Field Experience

Mount Etna — 2014 — WHE5DA1C420A4

A novel, low-tech virtual field experience (VFE) model enables inquiry-based geoscience education without relying on internet access or specialized software. This approach, developed by a former geologist-turned-educator, uses hyperlinked PowerPoint slides saved as PDFs to simulate field trips, addressing logistical challenges like budget constraints and technical limitations in schools. The VFE is designed with clear learning goals, curated photo resources (either pre-existing or collected), and structured navigation to guide students through geologic sites—such as Mount Etna, Italy—focusing on hazards, mythology connections, or risk assessment. By emphasizing advance planning (1.5–2.5 hours) and aligning content with curriculum standards, the VFE fosters critical observation skills and argumentation while remaining adaptable to diverse educational contexts.

A PCR-RFLP method to detect hybridization between the invasive Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and the native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum), and its application in Ontario lakes

Rideau Canal — 2014 — WHE7FD0DCC90B

Researchers have identified hybridization between the invasive Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) and the native northern watermilfoil (Myriophyllum sibiricum), with four hybrid samples detected in three adjacent lakes linked to the Rideau Canal Waterway. This discovery, confirmed using a novel PCR-RFLP screening method, addresses challenges in morphological identification due to overlapping traits. The study validated this approach against traditional sequencing, demonstrating its efficiency for large-scale sampling. Findings suggest the hybrid's potential invasiveness and distribution along connected waterways, offering insights for managing aquatic ecosystems. This work provides a critical tool for monitoring hybridization in Ontario lakes.

A Place in Town in Medieval and Early Modern Westminster: The Origins and History of the Palaces in the Strand

Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including Saint Margaret’s Church — 2014 — WHE66F3EB5461

Research reveals that the medieval bishops' palaces in Westminster's Strand were not primarily episcopal properties but rather products of royal government initiatives, driven by royal ministers. These structures, distinguished by their grouping and antiquity, served governmental functions linked to the establishment of royal and national administration in Westminster during the medieval and early modern periods. The study demonstrates that the necessities of royal governance continued to shape their history through the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, including their eventual transfer to lay ownership. This challenges traditional perceptions of their origin and purpose.

A Presença do Blastocerus Dichotomus nas Pinturas Rupestres do Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara e Seus Indicadores Paleoambientais

Serra da Capivara National Park — 2014 — WHEE0E640BB58

Rock art from Serra da Capivara National Park, Brazil, provides critical insights into paleoenvironmental conditions during the period of human occupation. The study identifies extinct and regionally absent species—such as Blastocerus dichotomus—depicted with remarkable detail, allowing for gender differentiation through morphological traits like antlers. By analyzing these zoomorphic representations alongside existing literature, researchers reconstruct probable environmental conditions, offering a reliable paleoambiental indicator. The approach combines art analysis, faunal identification, and ecological interpretation to bridge gaps in understanding past ecosystems.

A procedure for the identification of the seismic vulnerability at territorial scale. Application to the Casbah of Algiers

Kasbah of Algiers — 2014 — WHE743F0F67CD

A systematic approach to quantifying seismic vulnerability at territorial scale has been developed and successfully applied to the UNESCO-listed Kasbah of Algiers. This method, rooted in mechanical engineering principles, identifies collapse mechanisms and evaluates strengthening interventions to improve seismic performance across entire districts. The study leverages the Failure Mechanism Identification and Vulnerability Evaluation (FaMIVE) framework, which combines limit state analysis and kinematics to compute collapse load factors and derive capacity curves. Applied to 150 representative buildings in Algiers—challenged by pre-existing damage, poor maintenance, and complex urban layout—the procedure demonstrates its effectiveness in assessing and mitigating seismic fragility in historic centers. This work provides a robust tool for heritage conservation under seismic risks.

A prominent figure in Tatar archaeology: A. Kh. Khalikov’s 85th birthday anniversary

Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin — 2014 — WHE3011A248D9

Alfred Khasanovich Khalikov, a pioneering archaeologist and historian, significantly advanced the understanding of the medieval archaeology and ethnogenesis of the Volga-Ural region. Over four decades, he led major archaeological expeditions, including those focused on the Kazan Kremlin, uncovering hundreds of monuments spanning from the Paleolithic to modern times. His work culminated in an extensive cultural-chronological framework for the Stone, Chalcolithic, Bronze, and Early Iron ages, along with a novel concept explaining the ethnogenesis of Finno-Ugric and Turkic peoples. Khalikov authored over 400 articles and 20 books, initiated a comprehensive inventory of Tatarstan's archaeological monuments, and championed cultural preservation efforts. His contributions at Kazan State University further solidified his legacy as a foundational figure in Tatar archaeology.

A prospectus for future geomorphological investigation of the Namib Sand Sea

Namib Sand Sea — 2014 — WHE3BF937C39F

The Namib Sand Sea provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution and dynamics of sand seas. This study outlines advanced approaches and techniques for investigating wind climate, dune morphometry, sediment structure, dune age, and modeling dune development. By integrating these methods, researchers aim to deepen our understanding of sand sea formation, sand flux, and dune patterns. The prospectus highlights the potential for future geomorphological research in this dynamic and ecologically significant landscape.

A Quality Assessment of Tourist Information: the Case of Nautical Tourism at Shiretoko Peninsula

Shiretoko — 2014 — WHE70F0767120

A mismatch between visitor expectations and actual experiences at Shiretoko Peninsula significantly impacts satisfaction and loyalty. The study found that information from online sources and guidebooks often leads to dissatisfaction with certain routes and elements, while local information from tourist offices, hotels, and shops is less problematic. Researchers employed a multi-group structural model to analyze the effects of different information sources on booking cruise tours in Shiretoko. This approach highlights the importance of accurate and locally grounded information in enhancing visitor satisfaction and fostering positive recommendations.

A record of sustained prehistoric and historic land use from the Cahokia region, Illinois, USA

Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site — 2014 — WHE5BF7D4ACAA

A high-resolution paleoecological study of Horseshoe Lake, adjacent to Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site, reveals that sustained prehistoric land use began abruptly around 450 CE and intensified over centuries before the rise of Cahokia. The research, combining palynological and carbon isotope data, documents rapid forest clearance followed by the proliferation of indigenous seed crops, peaking between 900 and 1200 CE. A major flood event around 1200 CE coincides with agricultural contraction and Cahokia's decline, suggesting environmental factors may have played a role in its downfall.

A Record of the Athenian Administration of Delos: Agora I 5162

Delos — 2014 — WHE8484DB4CCA

A newly analyzed inscription from the Athenian Agora, dated to 330/29–329/8 BCE, extends our understanding of the Athenian administration on Delos by four years. The damaged text, Agora I 5162, reveals details about land and building leases on Delos and Rheneia, as well as the roles of lesser-known officials. This record, the latest securely dated from this period, provides critical insights into administrative practices during the Athenian hegemony over these islands.

A relapsing fever group Borrelia sp. similar to Borrelia lonestari found among wild sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) and Haemaphysalis spp. ticks in Hokkaido, Japan

Shiretoko — 2014 — WHE49FAAC4A24

Researchers have identified a relapsing fever Borrelia species, similar to Borrelia lonestari (B. lonestari-like), in wild sika deer and Haemaphysalis ticks in Hokkaido, Japan. The study found significant regional variation in prevalence, with 17% of deer in Shiretoko testing positive compared to just 2.8% in Shibetsu. Fawns exhibited a higher infection rate (21.9%) than adults (9.4%). Notably, B. lonestari-like was detected in Haemaphysalis ticks for the first time, suggesting these ticks may serve as vectors. The study also conducted the first phylogenetic analysis of this organism in Asia, providing insights into its distribution and potential public health implications.

A review ofRinodina(Physciaceae) in Great Smoky Mountains National Park highlights the growing significance of this “island of biodiversity” in eastern North America

Great Smoky Mountains National Park — 2014 — WHE79ACF07E2C

A comprehensive review of the crustose lichen genus Rinodina in Great Smoky Mountains National Park identifies 17 species, including three newly reported (R. bullata, R. excrescens, and R. oxydata) and one described as new to science (R. brodoana). The latter is restricted to old-growth hardwoods at middle to low elevations, with two species (R. brodoana and R. chrysomelaena) proposed for critically endangered IUCN Red List status. The study underscores the biodiversity significance of mid-to-low elevation habitats in this Appalachian hotspot, providing revised North American distributions, ecological insights, and a key to 21 Rinodina species in the southern Appalachians.

A Short and Somewhat Personal History of Yukon Glacier Studies in the Twentieth Century

Kluane / Wrangell-St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek — 2014 — WHE0C3E5A6A6C

Yukon glacier studies have evolved significantly since their inception, with the establishment of the Kluane Lake Research Station by the Arctic Institute of North America (AINA) in 1961 marking a pivotal moment. This station became the hub for numerous glaciological programs, including those focused on Hubbard Glacier and Kaskawulsh Glacier. A notable event was the 1965–67 surge of Steele Glacier, which significantly influenced research directions. The study also highlights the long-term Trapridge Glacier project, providing a comprehensive overview of Yukon glacier studies from 1935 to the end of the 20th century. This historical account emphasizes the trajectory and key milestones in glacier science within this region.

A Strange, Familiar City

Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls — 2014 — WHED3E21689C1

This reflective essay offers a deeply personal and introspective exploration of the Old City of Jerusalem, blending memory, emotion, and historical context. The author, Joel Seltzer, recounts vivid recollections of his time living in Jerusalem, juxtaposing personal anecdotes with broader cultural and historical narratives, such as the 1967 Year of Forgetting and the life of poet Yehuda Amichai. Through a narrative approach rooted in firsthand experience, the essay captures the city's layered identity—its beauty, contradictions, and enduring presence in memory. The piece also highlights the emotional weight of place, from cherished moments to profound loss, such as the death of a friend during military service. While not a formal scientific study, the essay contributes to the understanding of Jerusalem's significance as a site of personal and collective memory, resonating with themes of heritage, identity, and historical continuity.

A Study of Expectation and Satisfaction with Shiretoko Tourism Among Shiretoko Tourists and Travel Trade

Shiretoko — 2014 — WHE85E1C195B9

Tourists visiting Shiretoko exhibit higher satisfaction with their experience than tourism operators anticipate. Despite modest expectations regarding the site's attractions and services, visitors report greater fulfillment, indicating that their actual experiences surpass initial anticipations. This discrepancy underscores the importance of maintaining Shiretoko's natural value while strategically leveraging user feedback to sustain its appeal for eco-tourism. The study employed a comparative approach, analyzing tourists' perceptions against those assumed by tourism operators to identify gaps and inform conservation and tourism strategies.

A Study of Leuctridae (Insecta: Plecoptera) from Shennongjia, Hubei Province, China

Hubei Shennongjia — 2014 — WHE442CD89EF1

A new species of stonefly, Rhopalopsole memorabilis, and the first provincial record of R. apicispina were identified from Shennongjia Nature Reserve in Hubei Province, China. The study, which surveyed Leuctridae (Plecoptera) populations, highlights the region's biodiversity while contributing to taxonomic knowledge. Researchers collected seven species across two genera, including the newly described R. memorabilis and a redescription of R. apicispina. This work expands the documented insect diversity in Shennongjia and provides critical data for conservation efforts.

A Study of the Relationship between Realistic Expression of Objects and Graphic Novel in Korean Comics - Focused on the work by Kwon, Ga-Ya -

Namhansanseong — 2014 — WHECE5F938EDB

This study identifies the potential of Korean graphic novels to develop distinct, competitive identity within the global comics market by analyzing the realistic visual expression in Ga-Ya Kwon's 'Namhansanseong.' It highlights how Korean graphic novels can differentiate themselves from Western and Japanese counterparts through innovative subject matter and artistic techniques. The research focuses on the visual characteristics and narrative structures of 'Namhansanseong,' demonstrating its artistic value and complexity, which aligns with the global trend of graphic novels as a high-art form. By examining this representative work, the study aims to provide insights for revitalizing the stagnant domestic comics market in South Korea.

A Study on Burkhan-Khaldun of the Secret History of the Mongols

Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape — 2014 — WHE4F6D033BEB

Burkhan-Khaldun Mountain, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and sacred landscape of Mongolia, is identified in the Secret History of the Mongols with four distinct names—Burkhan-Khaldun, Burkhan, Khaldun, and Khaldun-Burkhan—and appears 28 times across its verses. The study determines that references to Burkhan-Khaldun in the 1st and 9th verses correspond to two distinct locations: Burkhan-Khaldun in Barkhujin (northeastern Lake Baikal) and Burkhan-Khaldun in Kenti Mountains, Mongolia. Additionally, the research suggests a linguistic link between 'Khaldun' and the Korean term Godeung, associated with Jumong, the legendary founder of Goguryeo, while proposing that the mountain's name may also relate to willow or lightness (Balguem). The study further posits that Burkhan-Khaldun holds symbolic significance akin to underworld-related mountains in other cultures.

A Study on Evacuation Simulation for Guiding Tourists in Himeji Castle Based on a Survey of Tourists’ Intentions in Evacuation After Earthquake

Himeji-jo — 2014 — WHE25ECE490F5

A study on Himeji Castle identifies two effective measures for guiding tourists during earthquake evacuations. The research reveals that tourists heavily rely on information from signboards and staff when deciding to evacuate and choosing routes. Using analytic hierarchy process and cluster analysis, the study categorized tourists into four groups based on their evacuation intentions. An evacuation simulation, employing SOARS platform and a Spot-Link model, evaluated six scenarios with varying evacuee flows near Bizen-gate. Findings indicate that strategic guidance can significantly reduce bottlenecks and improve evacuation efficiency, offering critical insights for disaster preparedness in historic sites.

A Study on Hermann Fürst Pücker-Muskau's landscape gardening theory focused on its development process and meanings

Muskauer Park / Park Mużakowski — 2014 — WHEBED00DFFA7

Hermann Fürst Pückler-Muskau's landscape gardening theory, rooted in Romanticism and Enlightenment ideals, integrates idealized nature with practical sustainability. His 1834 work Andeutungen über Landschaftgartenerei reflects a blend of personal experience, literary influences, and late 18th-century English garden practices, emphasizing expressive design while addressing regional ecological, economic, and social sustainability. Pückler’s approach—combining aesthetic beauty with utility—anticipates modern landscape theory by advocating for holistic strategies that span from gardens to entire regions, embodying the Gesamtkunstwerk concept. This study reveals his theory's dual nature: a humanistic tradition intersecting with progressive social agendas, offering enduring insights for contemporary landscape architecture.

A Study on Reconstruction of Naejeon Area at Changdeokgung Palace in 1920

Changdeokgung Palace Complex — 2014 — WHE69DF17D6B1

A significant transformation occurred during the 1920 reconstruction of the Naejeon area at Changdeokgung Palace, blending traditional Korean architecture with modern and foreign influences. This study reveals that while the exteriors retained a traditional appearance using materials from Gyeongbokgung Palace, the interiors incorporated modern equipment like radiators and French furniture, alongside Japanese construction techniques for porches, corridors, and storage spaces. The reconstruction also altered the functional use of spaces, with Huijeongdang serving primarily as an audience chamber rather than a state hall, and introduced new organizational structures such as the Chansi office under Japanese influence. The research estimates the construction plans, progress, and completion of this eclectic rebuilding, providing insights into the adaptive reuse of historical structures during a period of colonial influence.

A Study on the 19th-Century Depiction of Parallel Projection in Donggwoldo

Changdeokgung Palace Complex — 2014 — WHE2967ABDEB8

A late Joseon-era documentary painting, Donggwoldo, reveals that 19th-century depictions of Changdeokgung Palace and its adjacent structures were not merely accurate representations but rather conceptual reconstructions aimed at reflecting architectural ideology. The study demonstrates that while the painting adheres to traditional Joseon artistic techniques and uses parallel projection for a multi-perspective spatial structure, it selectively magnifies or scales down buildings to achieve near-ideal forms of palatial architecture. This approach transcends practical documentation, suggesting a focus on ideological representation over physical accuracy.

A Study on the change of Changdeokgung Palace in the latter part of Late Joseon Dynasty, 1834-1910

Changdeokgung Palace Complex — 2014 — WHE72D2E4261D

Changdeokgung Palace Complex underwent significant transformations during the latter part of the Late Joseon Dynasty (1834-1910), marked by both natural and human-induced changes. The study reveals that while the palace maintained its structural integrity until 1907, the ascension of Emperor Sunjong in that year led to extensive modifications under Japanese colonial influence. These changes included the demolition, alteration, and repurposing of historical structures, transforming the palace into a public park with elements like a zoo, botanical garden, and museum. The research, based on historical records and repair plans, highlights the stark contrast between the palace's role as a royal residence during the Joseon Dynasty and its subsequent degradation under colonial rule, leaving visible traces that impede full restoration.

A Study on the Changes of Rafter Fixation Methods of the Jeonjagak(丁字閣) in the Later Joseon Period

Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty — 2014 — WHE88F7256DBB

Research reveals significant advancements in rafter fixation techniques during the later Joseon period, particularly at Jeongjagak. The study found that the use of rafter nails increased substantially and that the fixed parts were widened, enhancing the structural stability and bearing capabilities of these traditional Korean architectural elements. Analyzing 42 official reports from royal tombs, the researchers examined measurement methods for rafter amounts, changes in fixation techniques, installation methods for rafter nails, and connecting niddles. These findings highlight Jeongjagak's role as a government-constructed innovation that improved the durability and strength of wooden structures, offering valuable insights into the evolution of architectural engineering in Joseon-era Korea.

A Study on the Commercial Streetscape Design Guideline of the Historic and Cultural Environmental Districts in Ancient Capital Gyeongju

Gyeongju Historic Areas — 2014 — WHEED46F13572

A key insight from this study is the potential to enhance Gyeongju's identity through architectural harmony, blending contemporary commercial needs with historic elements. The research proposes a streetscape design guideline that emphasizes uniformity in diversity, suggesting traditional Korean tiled roofs for buildings with cultural significance and tripartition wall designs to maintain visual cohesion. To address congestion in the central commercial district, the study recommends simplifying the environment while preserving tradition. Additionally, it introduces four traditional cornice archetypes based on Korean eaves and advocates for signboards that break from square shapes, incorporating icons that reflect Gyeongju's historicity. The findings are derived from a condition investigation and landscape analysis of the area, aiming to create a balance between modern functionality and historical aesthetics.

A Study on the Composition Method for Representation of Chwibyeong

Changdeokgung Palace Complex — 2014 — WHE76D33B0851

A recent study reconstructs the traditional Korean garden element, Chwibyeong, using historical texts and experimental planting to reveal its original form. The research analyzes composition methods from 18th-century literature, specifically Imwonkyungjeji, and compares them with existing reconstructions at Changdeokgung Palace Complex in Seoul. Findings indicate that current representations differ significantly from historical descriptions, suggesting a loss of traditional authenticity. The study provides new insights into Chwibyeong's unique features, including plant growth characteristics and structural design, which could restore its cultural significance as part of Korean garden aesthetics. This work offers practical guidelines for future conservation efforts, ensuring the preservation of this heritage element's original form and function.

A Study on the Landscape Attractions Evaluative Systems of Gyeongju Historic Heritage Sites

Gyeongju Historic Areas — 2014 — WHE3736FC07EA

A comprehensive evaluative system for assessing the landscape attractions of Gyeongju Historic Areas has been developed. This system identifies 22 key indicators across three domains: historical and cultural, heritage resources, and urban environment. These indicators were selected based on expert surveys and rigorous statistical analysis, including importance, standard deviation, content validity ratio, agreement, and convergence metrics. The study highlights that these indicators can serve as a valuable tool for enhancing the city's historic charm and competitiveness, offering a structured approach to recognizing and improving Gyeongju's unique attributes.

A Study on the Meme Features Appear in Renewal Space -Focusing on the Renewal Project of the Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in German-

Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen — 2014 — WHE62A77092BA

Sustainable and effective urban renewal can be achieved through the concept of 'Meme space,' which addresses contextual deficiencies by integrating cultural evolution. A study on the Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Germany demonstrates that true renewal spaces exhibit organic characteristics, evolving through phases such as Mimesis, Memeplex, and Metameme. This approach allows for detailed analysis of organic changes and ensures a circulation system where new and old elements continuously exchange feedbacks. The research combines theoretical analysis, expression characteristics, and case studies to highlight the broader urban scope of Meme space, offering solutions to reckless development and lack of contextualization.

A Study on the Physical Characteristics of the Selection of Location in Yangdong Village

Historic Villages of Korea: Hahoe and Yangdong — 2014 — WHEDE4864440D

Yangdong Village's spatial configuration is significantly influenced by solar radiation, with buildings strategically located to maximize sunlight exposure despite challenging terrain conditions. The study reveals that slope and elevation play critical roles in determining building site selection, often limiting suitable locations due to unfavorable solar access. By analyzing physical characteristics using a GIS database built on DEM (Digital Elevation Model), researchers separately assessed building sites based on type and position, confirming that natural environmental constraints shaped the village's layout. This finding highlights how human settlements adapt to and mitigate adverse conditions while optimizing resource utilization.

A Study on the Relationship between Customer Satisfaction and Employee Service Delivery at Sutera Sanctuary Lodges’s Front Office Department at Kinabalu Park, Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia

Kinabalu Park — 2014 — WHE0C94A8EAF0

A positive correlation exists between customer satisfaction and employee service delivery at Sutera Sanctuary Lodges, a three-orchid-rated establishment within Kinabalu Park, Sabah, Malaysia. The study highlights that while overall service quality meets expectations, specific areas such as anticipating guest needs, check-in efficiency, welcoming behavior, courtesy, helpfulness, and staff grooming fall short by 1% to 11%. These gaps, particularly in English language proficiency and knowledge/skills, threaten the lodge's reputation for high standards. The research employed surveys to assess front office staff performance, revealing critical insights for maintaining service excellence in this UNESCO World Heritage Site context.

A Study on the Remodeling of Injeongjeon Area at Changdeokgung Palace in 1908

Changdeokgung Palace Complex — 2014 — WHEB2E06F0371

A 1908 remodeling of the Injeongjeon area at Changdeokgung Palace, a historic site in South Korea, revealed a deliberate attempt by Japanese colonial authorities to diminish the palace's symbolic power. The study identified key changes—including renaming the area Alhyunso (Ekkensho), exclusive Japanese involvement, and the influence of Ito Hirobumi—that mirrored the Ekkensho audience hall at Japan’s Meiji Palace. By comparing architectural plans from both sites, researchers confirmed that the remodeling aimed to reduce the majesty of the Joseon Dynasty's palace, reflecting broader colonial strategies during the occupation period.

A Study on the Structural Changes and Hierarchy of Stone Chamber Tombs with a Mound in Koguryo

Complex of Koguryo Tombs — 2014 — WHECA0D9500B5

Koguryo stone chamber tombs with mounds, dating from the 4th to 7th centuries, reveal a structured hierarchy and evolutionary pattern reflective of Koguryo's socio-political development. Research shows that these tombs can be classified into single-chamber (danseol), double-chamber (isil), and multi-chamber (dasil) types, each with distinct subtypes, indicating social stratification and regional variations in construction techniques. Single- and double-chamber tombs emerged in the mid-4th century in Pyongyang, spreading to the Jeonju region by the late 4th century before standardizing into single-chamber designs with parallel triangular vaulted ceilings by the 6th century. Hierarchical analysis further distinguishes three primary social tiers, with upper-tier tombs showing significant structural and constructional changes over time, mirroring Koguryo's centralization process. This study underscores the tombs' role as both historical artifacts and symbols of pre-life power dynamics within ancient Koguryo society.

A Study on Town Planning and Evaluation of Industrial Heritage Tomioka Silk Mill

Tomioka Silk Mill and Related Sites — 2014 — WHED0864246CF

A quantitative evaluation of the Tomioka Silk Mill as industrial heritage revealed significant differences in perception between tourists and residents, highlighting the need for enhanced town planning. The study found that while the site holds cultural value, residents identified critical areas requiring improvement, such as infrastructure and landscape design. Establishing designated environs around the mill was proposed to address these gaps, aiming to achieve environmental improvements and positive community impacts. This approach combined covariance structure analysis with propensity score matching (PSM) to assess heritage value objectively.

A Systematic Revision of the Land Snails of the Western Ghats of India

Western Ghats — 2014 — WHE95EBC90FCB

A comprehensive taxonomic revision of the land snails of the Western Ghats, India, identifies 337 taxa (299 species and 38 varieties), with 277 species and 29 varieties endemic to the region. This study updates nomenclature, clarifies taxonomy, designates lectotypes and neotypes, and provides the first color images and specimen data of type material for all Western Ghats taxa. It also includes a geo-referenced index of localities, addressing long-standing gaps in species identification and taxonomic understanding since the 1908–1921 Fauna of British India series.

A Systems Approach to Local Territory as a Driver for Creative Tourism Development on the Amalfi Coast

Costiera Amalfitana — 2014 — WHEEFE835966B

Creative tourism, when rooted in local cultural and geographical contexts, can significantly drive economic growth and sustainable development. A study on the Amalfi Coast (Italy) demonstrates that successful implementation of creative tourism requires a systems approach, leveraging existing local creativity rather than imposing external models. The research highlights the importance of a 'creative humus'—a foundation of local traditions, social dynamics, and cultural assets—that must be nurtured for such initiatives to thrive. While creative tourism offers potential benefits, its effectiveness hinges on aligning strategies with pre-existing creative potentials; otherwise, it risks inefficiency and resource waste. The study underscores that territorial creativity, rather than generic interventions, is key to sustainable tourism development.

A Tale of Five Bridges; the use of GNSS for Monitoring the Deflections of Bridges

The Forth Bridge — 2014 — WHE3AE19C9C03

GNSS technology has proven highly effective for monitoring the dynamic deflections of iconic bridges, including the Forth Road Bridge. Research demonstrates that even small-scale movements can be accurately measured and analyzed for frequency, offering valuable insights that align with existing bridge movement models. The study employed survey-grade GNSS receivers, capturing data at frequencies up to 100 Hz, to track deflections on five notable bridges—Humber Bridge, Millennium Bridge, Forth Road Bridge, Severn Suspension Bridge, and Avonmouth Viaduct. Findings highlight the importance of frequency analysis alongside magnitude measurements in understanding bridge behavior, while also showcasing the potential of single-frequency GNSS receivers for precise monitoring applications.

A Taste of Singapore: Singapore Food Writing and Culinary Tourism

Singapore Botanic Gardens — 2014 — WHEE941F7374C

Singapore's culinary tourism, despite its reliance on imported food, stands out globally for its integration of food writing and participatory experiences. This study reveals that Singapore actively promotes its cuisine through a multifaceted approach, including food festivals, cookery classes, and information-rich campaigns like 'Singapore Seasons' and 'Singapore Takeout.' Food writing in English plays a pivotal role, guiding both locals and tourists to unique Singaporean flavors, with resources such as guidebooks, mobile apps, and museum exhibits enhancing the culinary experience. The research highlights how taste is central to Singapore's cultural identity, with institutions like the National Museum of Singapore and Chinatown Heritage Centre using food to educate about heritage and diversity. This approach not only attracts tourists but also fosters pride among Singaporeans, positioning them as ambassadors of their cuisine.